Innocent Brand and Mc Donald's Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Innocent Brand and Mc Donald's - Case Study Example UltimatÐ µly, thÐ µ company is Ð µmploying product positioning along linÐ µs of customÐ µr sÐ µgmÐ µntation to rÐ µach groups who arÐ µ likÐ µly to spÐ µnd monÐ µy on fruit smoothiÐ µs at McDonalds. â€Å"DÐ µspitÐ µ introducing hÐ µalthiÐ µr choicÐ µs such as carrot sticks and frÐ µsh fruit bags, McDonald’s has strugglÐ µd to shÐ µd its unhÐ µalthy, supÐ µr sizÐ µ mÐ µ imagÐ µ. InnocÐ µnt, on thÐ µ othÐ µr hand, has a carÐ µfully cultivatÐ µd and clÐ µvÐ µrly markÐ µtÐ µd Ð µthical brand imagÐ µ, diffÐ µrÐ µntiating it from compÐ µtitors† (CasÐ µ, 2011). This nÐ µÃ µds to bÐ µ donÐ µ in tÐ µrms of two sÐ µgmÐ µnts for targÐ µt markÐ µting, individual buyÐ µrs and rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntativÐ µ buyÐ µrs. ThÐ µ nÐ µxt stÐ µp in product positioning is to dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ how to convincÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ sÐ µgmÐ µnts that thÐ µy will bÐ µ making a wisÐ µ dÐ µcision in buying this particular kind of smoothiÐ µ, which is bÐ µttÐ µr than thÐ µ compÐ µtitors’ choicÐ µs, and that thÐ µy can rÐ µly on thÐ µ company to mÐ µÃ µt thÐ µir nÐ µÃ µds. To do this, onÐ µ nÐ µÃ µds to kÐ µÃ µp in mind that in tÐ µrms of thÐ µ markÐ µting mix, thÐ µrÐ µ must bÐ µ a balancÐ µ of customÐ µr sÐ µgmÐ µntation and product sÐ µgmÐ µntation. InnocÐ µnt facÐ µs problÐ µms of markÐ µting rÐ µach, targÐ µt markÐ µting, product diffÐ µrÐ µntiation, and brand diffÐ µrÐ µntiation. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µsÐ µ problÐ µms can bÐ µ turnÐ µd into opportunitiÐ µs. KÐ µy IssuÐ µs ThÐ µ kÐ µy playÐ µrs in thÐ µ casÐ µ includÐ µ managÐ µmÐ µnt and Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs at both InnocÐ µnt and McDonalds. ... FurthÐ µr, pÐ µoplÐ µ bÐ µcomÐ µ fattÐ µr with agÐ µ and thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ an incrÐ µasing numbÐ µr of childrÐ µn bÐ µcomÐ µ adults with incrÐ µasÐ µd risk. CurrÐ µnt national hÐ µalth goals suggÐ µst that good hÐ µalth should rÐ µflÐ µct a statÐ µ of wÐ µll-bÐ µing, quality of lifÐ µ and frÐ µÃ µdom from disÐ µasÐ µ. GivÐ µn thÐ µ importancÐ µ of wÐ µll-bÐ µing as a national hÐ µalth goal it is nÐ µcÐ µssary to dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt to which pÐ µoplÐ µ Ð µxcÐ µÃ µding physiological hÐ µalth standards of obÐ µsity may bÐ µ at risk of low sÐ µlf-pÐ µrcÐ µptions. AnothÐ µr kÐ µy issuÐ µ that thÐ µ casÐ µ brings up is that of Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ targÐ µt markÐ µting. DÐ µfinÐ µ thÐ µ ProblÐ µm & thÐ µ Opportunity ThÐ µ kÐ µy problÐ µm in thÐ µ casÐ µ is how InnocÐ µnt can rÐ µach its targÐ µt markÐ µt, Ð µspÐ µcially childrÐ µn. â€Å"But, dÐ µprÐ µssingly, morÐ µ than 90 pÐ µr cÐ µnt of kids i n thÐ µ UK do not gÐ µt thÐ µir rÐ µcommÐ µndÐ µd daily intakÐ µ of fruit. ThÐ µ Ð µxpansion of thÐ µ smoothiÐ µs’ distribution into supÐ µrmarkÐ µts such as TÐ µsco’s supports thÐ µ suggÐ µstion that InnocÐ µnt doÐ µsn’t mind whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ product is sold† (CasÐ µ, 2011). McDonalds has always bÐ µÃ µn Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ at markÐ µting to childrÐ µn, so InnocÐ µnt can ridÐ µ thÐ µ largÐ µr company’s coat-tails in somÐ µ ways. But InnocÐ µnt also nÐ µÃ µds to targÐ µt parÐ µnts. In tÐ µrms of busy mothÐ µrs, this targÐ µt markÐ µt may want diffÐ µrÐ µnt things from thÐ µ product than childrÐ µn for any numbÐ µr of rÐ µasons. First of all, oldÐ µr consumÐ µrs arÐ µ buying thÐ µ product dirÐ µctly for thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, whilÐ µ busy mothÐ µrs arÐ µ buying thÐ µ product for thÐ µir offspring. This should lÐ µssÐ µn thÐ µ product sidÐ µ of thÐ µ markÐ µting mix in tÐ µrms of thÐ µ custom Ð µrs’ individuality, and slant it morÐ µ

Islamic Commodity Market Essay Example for Free

Islamic Commodity Market Essay 1.0. Introduction The operations in the general business environment are very dynamic by nature. There is no doubt that the financial markets as well as the commodity markets need to structure their business operations, so as to meet the changing business environment demands as well as the expectations (United States. Congress. Senate. 2004). The main challenge for the main market players is to consistently be at pace with the business environment developments, so as to have in place effective as well as timely establishments of operation standards and regulations. A number of international initiatives have focused on the state of operations of the commodity market in the Islamic market. This has been done so as to establish standards as well as benchmarks, which are set to strengthen the world commodity market. The research study intends to contribute to the need for establishing a regulator commodity market, especially in the Saudi Arabia financial market (The Economist 2006). The Islamic commodity market is one of the major aspects in the world commodity market, which has achieved tremendous growth in the recent past. This is to the extent of being a substantial component within the global commodity market, and has thus gained a lot of interest as the crucial component of the world financial market (Europa Publications Staff, 2002). The increasing demands as well as awareness for establishing investment portfolios to be in line with the shariah principles at the global market, have acted as stimulators towards establishing the Islamic commodity market as the world’s most attractive industry. This is an indicator of the growth of the wealth base as well as the potential of the investors, who could either be Muslim or non Muslim, to find ways and invest in commodities which meet their needs and expectations (El-Gamal, 2006). Research questions The research questions to be answered in this research study provide a basis, for establishing the importance of establishing a form of regulator commodity market in the financial market of Saudi Arabia. The aspect which is being focused on in this research study is the reasons as to why a regulator form of commodity market should be established, especially in Saudi Arabia. The research questions will therefore act as a guide to activities of the research study (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Core research question The main aim of the research study is to assess the need for establishing a regulator form of commodity market in the land of Saudi Arabia, and the effects on the business transactions which take place in the Islamic market (Henry and Wilson, 2004). The other research questions that need to be covered in this research study include: 1. What are some of the factors which influence the conduction of business transactions in the Islamic market? 2. What are the likely effects of establishing a regulator form of commodity market in the .land of Saudi Arabia? 3. Who are the major players in the Islamic market and what role do they play in the business transactions? 4. To what extent are the major players likely to influence the operations of the Islamic commodity market? 5. What potential effects does regulation of the Islamic commodity market have on the Islamic finance and the general business transactions? Research objectives The main intention of this research study is to establish, the importance of establishing a regulator in the Islamic commodity market especially in the suggested location Saudi Arabia. The importance of the regulator is assessed in terms of the effects to the Islamic financial market, as well as the general business transactions. The research study is intended at providing a sound bases upon which conclusive research findings can be made, as to the need for regulating the commodities market. Both the secondary and primary data will be analysed to assess the current state of operations of the Islamic commodities market, and the need for a regulator. Therefore, data will highlight the importance of establishing the current state of operations in the Islamic commodity market, and finally, for the research study to meet its intended research objectives (Taylor Francis Group and Dean, 2004). 2.0 Literature review Islamic commodity market The establishment of a distinct Islamic commodity market, whereby a number of investments as well as financing activities are established in accordance to the requirements of the Shariah principles, can be described as the outcome of the continued growth of the Islamic financial sector. There have been demands to address the issues of liquidity of the Islamic banks like Altauaruq and Almurabha among others, as well as the takaful operators in the various Islamic countries. There have also been efforts to establish a regulatory framework for the Islamic commodity market, and make clear the Shariah principles on the commodities which should are allowed to be involved in the business transactions at the commodity market (Davis and Azizian, 2006). In general, the Shariah principles that govern the conduction of business transactions at the commodities market states that the non legal transactions are those activities, which involves the use of interest and the commodities that have a certain level of uncertainties attached to them. Gambling is also prohibited as well as food and drinks among many other immoral activities (International Monetary Fund, 2006). Regulatory framework In the commodities market, an effective legal and supervisory as well as a regulatory framework establishes the essential ground for the operations of a modern commodity market. For the dynamic market like the Islamic commodity market, it is crucial that a conducive form of regulatory framework be established. This is to appropriately control the activities of the Islamic commodity market. A number of participants are allowed to address, any of the influences which affect the effective business operations of the market, as well as the innovations or even hinder the participation in the Islamic commodities market (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Considering the levels and number of business activities being carried out at this market, an analysis is being made to determine the need for having a regulator in place within this conventional market. The first hypothesis which can be established in this research study is whether, the establishment of the Islamic commodity market will make any positive influence on the levels of Islamic finance, as the other regulatory frameworks have managed to influence the other Islamic finance markets (Fadzli, 2003). To that extent, the second hypothesis is to assess the extent to which, the regulator of the Islamic commodity market will not make any improvements. Considering that the operations at the Islamic commodities market involve both legal and non legal business transactions, the third hypothesis is made in relation to whether the establishment of the regulator will cut down the levels of occurrence of the illegal business transactions. The fourth hypothesis in that respect is that, th e establishment of the regulator will not cut down the level of the illegal business transactions at the Islamic commodity market. By justifying the above mentioned hypotheses, the research study will have established the importance of having a regulator in the Islamic commodity market, and in this case the proposed regulator is Saudi Arabia (Al-Rifai, 2003). 3.0 Research design and methodology To establish the need for having a regulator Islamic commodity market, especially in the land of Saudi Arabia, the research sample for this research study will be administered with questionnaires. The targeted respondents are the to the top management officers of the major commodity markets and financial institutions in the Islamic commodity market. The sample population shall be 50 companies in the Islamic commodity market. The sample population has been chosen so as to avoid the feasibility problems, associated with the research studies. Qualitative as well as quantitative data will be collected. Quantitative data shall be collected from the primary sources, which shall be analysed by the use of statistical techniques, compiled and presented using tools like graphs and charts among other techniques. Qualitative data shall be collected by the use of open ended questions in the questionnaires, which will be subjective in nature as they will represent the personal opinions of the targ eted respondents. The qualitative data will support the quantitative data, in areas where the quantitative data will be having deviations from the factors under consideration (Al-Rifai, 2003). The survey questionnaires shall be administered, considering the fact that they are easy and simple to use on the part of the researcher and the respondents. The research objectives and questions shall all be encompassed in the information in the research questionnaires. The qualitative approach will involve the answering of questions which relate to the nature of operations of the commodity market markets, with the intention of establishing the need for having a regulator in the commodity market. Thus the survey study has the potential of highlighting the operations of the commodity market, and the mechanisms involved which demands for regulatory measures to be carried out (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Resources In order to meet the identified research questions and objectives, the researcher will use the relevant literature resources. These sources will include books, Journals and the other relevant publications in the areas of Islamic commodity market and regulations. The knowledge as well as the research information which will be encompassed and assessed for validity of the research findings, will include resources from online libraries like EBSCO, Amazon, Blackwell publications, the emerald journals and the other sources like Questia (Henry and Wilson, 2004). Access to the study population One of the challenges that the researcher anticipates to encounter in carrying out the research study is the accessing the targeted respondents. So as to meet this challenge, the below strategies have been devised, so as to have access to the respondents to obtain the crucial information for the research study. The researcher will obtain permission letters, which will be approved by the research department at the university. This letters will then be supplied to the top management officers seeking for permission to include them in the research study, and to use their companies as a sample of the research population. In addition to that, the researcher will assure the respondents that the information obtained from the research study shall be used for academic purposes only, and not for any other purposes unless permission is sought from them (Al-Rifai, 2003).

Five Senese Aging Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aging is a process of one getting older...† (Medina 4). As one gets older changes will occur. â€Å"It might start with a line a cross the forehead that deepens in to a wrinkle or skin that suddenly appears dull looking† (Tomas E1). No mater what the situation aging has many different processes. This literary composition will show the different changes that the senses go through when aging takes place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seeing is one of the senses humans have. Although humans really see with their brains the eyes are the key tools that help the task of seeing. Unlike other parts of the body nearly every part of the visual system is affected by aging. It causes us to lose certain functions as we age like loss of color to how the way we see near and distant objects. â€Å"The cornea, that fluid-filled bad which guards the entrance to the eye, ages as we get older...by the time we get to the age of 60, the bag brings to flatten, which alters our visual field† (Medina 189). Perhaps the most interesting aspect of our vision system’s aging has to do with color perception. As we get older the lens not only thickens but also takes on a yellowish color. This reduces our ability to discriminate between colors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hearing is also one of our senses and as we get older the ability of hearing gets weak. Once we age the pinna, the outer ear, losses some flexibility. As a result it begins to droop, becomes longer and wider and m...

The Perks of Being a Wallflower

Stephen Chbosky's The Perks of Being a Wallflower is an epistolary novel which tells a story about self-discovery. As given in Britannica, â€Å"Epistolary novel, a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters.† Epistolary novel is a type of novel written in a form of letters through one of the characters. According to a post on eNotes: A genre of fiction which first gained popularity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the epistolary novel is a form in which most or all of the plot is advanced by the letters or journal entries of one or more of its characters, and which marked the beginning of the novel as a literary form. Epistolary novel first got famous in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is a genre of fiction in which novel is written in a form of letters or journal by one of the characters. Charlie, the protagonist of The Perks of being a Wallflower writes a series of letters to narrate his story. It is stated on essaytown: Even if presenting the reader with fictional letters, the epistolary novels of seventeenth and eighteenth century already suggested that letter writing had a therapy like effect on their fictional authors. The letter writing would act like a catharsis†¦ Charlie is called a wallflower by his friends. Merriam-Webster defines wallflower as, â€Å"a person who from shyness or unpopularity remains on the sidelines of a social activity.† People are considered to be ‘wallflower' when they are shy, reserved and unpopular. When they stay quiet and avoid talking to anyone. These people are usually introvert and have no friends. They isolate themselves for different reasons such as fears or lack of confidence. They do not participate in social activities and try to remain hidden as if they are invisible. Charlie is an introvert, a shy teenager who does not have friends and does not participate in life.The idea of self-discovery according to Encyclopedia entails â€Å"the process of acquiring insight into one's own character.† People themselves are sometimes not aware of their true nature and their desires. Self-discovery happens when they truly find themselves, who they really are and what they want. Pam M.S. Nugent describes self-discovery as a procedure through which a person finds out their true character and qualities. Charlie, as the novel proceeds, discovers hidden truths about himself, his likes, dislikes, his wants, and what kind of a person he truly is by going through a process of self-discovery.A process of looking for your own identity. To discover what a one individual has in his personality and what things are there to which a person is likely to be more inclined is called self-discovery. As per PsychologyDictionary self-discovery is a method through which a person becomes aware of his true desires and wants. Just as Charlie discovers the truth about his different behavior, his true likes and dislikes.1.1 Background of StudyI would read this novel in the light of the idea of defense mechanisms as presented by Sigmund Freud in the classical psychoanalysis. A post on Chegg Study states: According to Sigmund Freud, who developed the concept in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, defense mechanisms are a major component of personality. Freud believed that personality consists of the ego, the id, and the superego. The id is the source of instincts and natural desires; when these clash with social norms, tension arises as the superego disapproves and the ego mediates between them. Defense mechanisms respond by shifting such desires, feelings, and associated thoughts to the unconscious. The post states that Sigmund Freud considers the defense mechanisms as important part of personality. According to Freud, personality is made of id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms according Freud respond by changing desires, feelings and thoughts into unconscious. Other than authors, psychoanalytic theory applies on characters. The theory can be used to understand the protagonist of the novel, Charlie, and his behavior better in the light of Freud's classical psychoanalysis. After Charlie's unconscious mind reveals some past memories to him, they cause some psychological disturbances. The research will focus on Charlie's characteristics, his traumas, what defense mechanisms he use against them and his journey towards self-discovery. Regarding unconscious, Freud states:Everything that is repressed must remain unconscious; but let us state at the very outset that the repressed does not cover everything that is unconscious. The unconscious has the wider compass: the repressed is a part of the unconscious. Freud argues that everything a person represses must stay in unconscious mind, but unconscious mind is not only filled with repressed memories, it has other things in it too. Charlie has repressed his memories in his unconscious mind which are later revealed. Calvin S. Hall defines defense mechanism as a way of dealing with different threats and dangers. It is a way to lessen the anxiety by using different defenses such as denial, projection, repression, regression and displacement which are discussed in detail in chapter

Accounting Project Essay

Foundations of Accounting I Accounting Project Written by: Karen Pitsch Special thanks to Donna Larner Randiddle Co. is a merchandising business. Their account balances as of November 30, 2012 (unless otherwise indicated), are as follows: 110Cash$ 74,370 112Accounts Receivable 6,178 113Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 650 115Merchandise Inventory 2,346 116Prepaid Insurance 5,750 117Store Supplies 2,850 123Store Equipment 100,800 124Accumulated Depreciation-Store Equipment 31,060 210Accounts Payable 3,286 211Salaries Payable 0 218Interest Payable 0 220Note Payable (Due 2017) 30,000 ($6,000 to be paid in 2013) 310Randiddle, Capital (January 1, 2012) 46,288 311Randiddle, Withdrawals 60,000 312Income Summary 0 410Sales 296,130 411Sales Returns and Allowances 10,020 412Sales Discounts 7,200 510Cost of Goods Sold 30,250 520Sales Salaries Expense 34,400 521Advertising Expense 18,000 522Depreciation Expense 0 523Store Supplies Expense 0 529Miscellaneous Selling Expense 2,800 530Office Salaries Expense 25,500 531Rent Expense 24,200 532Insurance Expense 0 533Bad Debt Expense 0 539Miscellaneous Administrative Expense 1,650 550 Interest Expense 1,100 See more: Analysis of Starbucks coffee company employees essay Randiddle Co. uses the perpetual inventory system and the First-in, First-out costing method. Transportation-in and purchase discounts should be added to the Inventory Control Sheet, but since this will complicate the computation of the First-in, First-out costing method, please ignore this step in the process. They also use the Allowance Method for bad debt. The Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable Subsidiary Ledgers along with the Inventory Control Sheet should be updated as each transaction affects them (daily). Randiddle Co. sells three types of microwave ovens. The sale prices of each are: 900 watt microwave: $199 1000 watt microwave: $299 1200 watt microwave: $499 During December, the last month of the accounting year, the following transactions were completed: Dec. 1. Issued check number 2632 for the December rent, $2,200. 2. Sold two 1200 watt microwaves for cash. 4. Purchased four 1000 watt microwaves on account from Matt Co., terms 2/10, n/30, FOB shipping point, $596. 5. Issued check number 2633 to pay the transportation charges on purchase of December 4, $89. (NOTE: Debit Merchandise Inventory. Do not include shipping and purchase discounts to the Inventory Control sheet for this project.) 6. Sold six 1000 watt microwaves and four 1200 watt microwaves on account to Briana Co., invoice 891, terms 2/10, n/30, FOB shipping point. 8. Issued check number 2634 for refund of cash on sales made for cash, $150. (Customer was going to return goods until an allowance was arranged.) 10. Purchased store supplies on account from Prince Co., terms n/30, $310. 10. Issued check to Matt Co. number 2635 for the full amount due, less discount allowed. (Round discount to nearest dollar.) 11. Paid Prince Co. full amount due, check number 2636. 12. Issued credit memo for one 1000 watt microwave returned on sale of December 6. (NOTE: Assume the returned microwave was from the 11/30 inventory) 13. Issued check number 2637 for advertising expense for last half of December, $3,000. 14. Received cash from Briana Co. for the full amount due (less return of December 12 and discount; round to nearest dollar). 19. Issued check number 2638 to buy five 900 watt microwaves, $495. 19. Issued check number 2639 for $596 to Joseph Co. on account. 20. Sold seven 900 watt microwaves on account to Cameron Co., invoice number 892, terms 1/10, n/30, FOB shipping point. 20. To expedite sale on Dec. 20, issued check number 2640 for shipping charges on sale to Cameron on December 20, $120 (NOTE: Cameron Co. will be reimbursing us for this shipping cost). 21. Received $1,396 cash from McKenzie Co. on account, no discount. 21. Purchased three 1200 watt microwaves on account from Elisha Co., terms 1/10, n/30, FOB shipping point, $747, shipping $78 (NOTE: Debit Merchandise Inventory $825, but only put $747 in the Inventory Control Sheet). 24. Received notification that Marie Co. has been granted bankruptcy with no amount of recovery. We are to write-off her amount due. (Note: See page 365 for entry required.) 26. Issued a debit memo for return of $249 because of damage to one 1200 watt microwave purchased on December 21, receiving credit from the seller. 27. Issued check number 2641 for sales salaries of $2,050 and office  salaries of $1,400. 28. Purchased store equipment on account from Joseph Co., terms n/30, FOB destination, $1,200. 29. Issued check number 2642 for store supplies, $70. 29. Purchased seven 1000 watt microwave from Prince Co, terms 1/10, n/30, FOB shipping point, for $1,113 on account, shipping $107. 30. Sold eight 1000 watt microwaves on account to Briana Co., invoice number 893, terms 2/10, n/30, FOB shipping point. 30. Received cash from sale of December 20, less discount, plus transportation paid on December 20. (Round calculations to the nearest dollar.) 31. Issued check number 2643 for purchase of December 21, less return of December 25 and discount. (Round discount to the nearest dollar.) 31. Issued a debit memo for $200 of the purchase returned from December 28. Instructions: 1. Enter the balances of each of the accounts in the appropriate balance column of the General Ledger (B-S and I-S Ledger). Write Balance in the item section, and place a (x) in the Post Reference column. 2. Journalize the transactions in a sales journal, purchases journal, cash receipts journal, cash payments journal, or general journal as illustrated in chapter 7. Also post to the Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable Subsidiary ledgers and Inventory Control Sheet as needed. 3. Total each column on the special journals and prove the journals. 4. Post the totals of the account named columns and individually post the â€Å"Other Accounts† columns as well to the General Ledger. 5. Prepare the Schedule of Accounts Receivable and the Schedule of Accounts Payable (their total amount must equal the amount in their controlling general ledger account). 6. Prepare the unadjusted trial balance on the worksheet. 7. Complete the worksheet for the year ended December 31, 2012, using the following adjustment data: a. Merchandise inventory on December 31 $1,090 b. Insurance expired during the year 2,250 c. Store supplies on hand on December 31 850 d. Depreciation for the current year needs to be calculated. The business uses the Straight-line method, the store equipment has a useful life of 10 years with no salvage value. (NOTE: the purchase and return will not be included as the dates of the transactions were after the 15th of the month). e. Accrued salaries on December 31: Sales salaries$1,075 Office salaries 540 $1,615 f. The note payable terms are at 8%, payment is not being made until Jan. 3, 2013. Interest must be recognized for one month. g. Calculate the Bad Debt adjustment amount; net realizable value of Accounts Receivable is determined to be $6,313. 8. Prepare a multiple-step income statement, a statement of owner’s equity, and a classified balance sheet in good form. (Recommend review of â€Å"Current Liabilities† on page 149.) 9. Journalize and post the adjusting entries. 10. Journalize and post the closing entries. Indicate closed accounts by inserting a zero in both balance columns opposite the closing entry. 11. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.

Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples

Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples Research design is a tool that is used in carrying out marketing researches. The design is supposed to give in detail the procedures that are supposed to be followed to solve problems that marketing researches present. The major approaches used in researches include exploratory, causal, and exploratory research designs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information requirements, measures, and scales have to be spelt out clearly. Sampling process, sample size, and data analysis plans also feature prominently as components of the three research designs (Collins, Sutton and Onwuegbuzie 2006) Descriptive research design Descriptive research design is mainly used to describe a behavior or type of subject. It not intended to look for specific relationships between variables neither does it correlat e variables. Its major set back is that it cannot identify cause because its setting is completely natural. Moreover, it has all the variables present. Descriptive research design is an asset to a researcher because a lot of information can be acquired through description. For purposes of identification of variables and hypothetical constructs which can be subjected to further investigations using other means, descriptive research design come in handy. Some of its advantages include the ability of its descriptions to be used to indirectly test theory or model behaviors that cannot be studied using any other means (Creswell 1998). Categories of descriptive design include surveys and observational studies. Field surveys feature prominently under surveys. Under this, the participants are expected to fill in the questionnaires or be subjected to interviews in natural settings. Much attention should be devoted to construction and content validity of the questionnaires; the scores must be reliable; the questions should be clear and precise hence mutually exclusive answers; the interviewer must be consistent and controlled in his or her behavior; and the order of questions as they appear in the questionnaire have to be counterbalanced. This helps in identifying and controlling one sided responses. Finally, field surveyors have to pay attention to concrete behaviors that naà ¯ve respondents describe accurately. Surveys are quite often mailed or facilitated through phone calls. Surveys conducted through mails involve questionnaires that are relatively long. It takes some time before these mails are returned. However, not all of them can be returned but 50% return rate is normally okay for the survey.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inclusion of cover letter, giving survey a face validity, asking brief questions, guaranteeing rewards, and sending a re minder will only ensure that the return rate of the mails is enhanced. Telephones are credited for having higher response rate. The telephone interviewers normally use structured and closely ended questions (Fraenkel and Wallen 2003). The introduction of telephone interviews have to be straight to the point and friendly. It is usually assumed that participants who fail to participate in phone interviews may be busy or guarded. When it comes to identifying the population and samples to participate in surveys, all subgroups have too be identified without any element of bias. Random or stratified random sampling techniques are preferred. However, other sapling techniques like cluster sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling can be used. Potential biases that are encountered in field survey include: by the time the interviewer is calling the respondent may not be in a mood to talk, there may be biasness on the side of those who have accepted to take part in the view (such volunteers may be opinionated or bored), there may be a silent majority, and the way one feels today may not be the same as the way he will feel tomorrow. Survey results are normally analyzed using descriptive statistics. This helps in checking significant correlations in responses gotten from different questions. In observational studies, descriptions normally rely on observations made on the subjects. General techniques used here are naturalistic observation, systematic naturalistic observation, and participant observation. Naturalistic observation is unstructured and unsystematic. It entails observation of a wide range of behaviors. Systematic naturalistic observation is systematic and looks into specific behaviors. Participant observation requires that the investigator infiltrate the group he or she is observing. The observer acts like a spy agent whose true identity and purpose cannot be known (Creswell 2005). The major advantage of observation studies is that it is absolutely natural. It does not therefore demand characteristics. Its disadvantages are unavailability of informed consent, it relies on convenience samples, the data used is mostly qualitative as there is much of verbal descriptions and observations made visually.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and contrast of exploratory, descriptive and causal research designs giving examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Observation studies are supposed to help in identifying variables which are valuable in indirect tests of models and predictions. In order to decrease bias in observation studies, well defined scoring criteria has to be developed, time sampling technique must be used, there have to be multiple observers, double blind procedures have to be used, and for purpose of increasing external validity, it is imperative that random samples are obtained. Exploratory research design Exploratory research design is normally used in research whose purpose involves inquiry into new products that should be developed, how the product appeal will enhance its advertising, and how the existing services can be improved. Research questions in exploratory research design border on the alternative ways that exist that can be used for example to provide lunch for school children, the kind of benefits people stand to get from the product, and the nature of dissatisfaction the customer may be getting from the product in the case of marketing research. The hypothesis here has unknown constructs. The hypothesis also suspects that the major problem in the study could be impersonalization. Causal research design The purpose of this research design in marketing research perspective is to ascertain whether an increase in the service staff ca be profitable, which advertising program for public transit is suitable, and whether new budget should be contemplated. The research questions here touch on the correlati on between size of staff offering services and the revenue that is accrued. What do people stand to get from cars and the public transport. Comparison of the three research designs The major objective of exploratory research design is to discover ideas and insights where as in descriptive research design involves describing market aspects and functions. Nevertheless, causal research design tries to determine the cause-effect relationships in the research one is conducting. A major feature of exploratory design is its flexibility, its adaptability, and the front end of total research design. However, descriptive research design is marked by past formulation of specific hypotheses from observations and studies. This design is pre-planned and structured. Causal research approach can proceed through one or more independent variables. Other mediating variables that fall under this design can also be controlled. An exploratory research approach entails the use of surveys, case studies, in formation from other studies, and qualitative analyses. In contrast, a descriptive research approach uses information from other studies, panels, analyses, and observation. Causal research design strictly uses experiments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References List Collins, K. M. T., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Sutton, I. L., 2006, A model incorporating the rationale and purpose for conducting mixed methods research in special education and beyond, Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, vol.4, pp.  67-100. Creswell, J. W., 1998,Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the five  traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W., 2005, Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating  quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., 2003, How to design and evaluate research in  education (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

English Language and the Igbo Worldview Essays

English Language and the Igbo Worldview Essays English Language and the Igbo Worldview Paper English Language and the Igbo Worldview Paper Essay Topic: Brave New World English language and the Gobo worldview. Chapter four entitled The Language Repertoire of Newlywed Movies by Emmanuel Daddy Deaden posits that the Gobo language, among the three major languages In Nigeria, has been less preserved especially In the production of Newlywed movies. It argues that Gobo films In English language are an expression of a commercial mentally, etc. However, using Austin Zoom Anagrams Mamba Heritage and China Achebes Bilingual Aesthetics (chapter 9) and Nora Benedict Newness From Repression to Displacement: A Psychoanalytic Re-Examination of the Hero in Things Fall Apart (chapter 11). I shall attempt to re-examine the Gobo worldview in relation to the use of English as captured in literary works of Achebe. A Review of Chapter Four: The Language Repertoire of Newlywed Movies by Emmanuel Daddy Deaden This powerful piece dovetails the movie industry of Nigeria, fondly known as Newlywed beginning from Its evolutionary trend; Its earliest Influences (local and International); Its mode of production and then the languages that are deployed In the scripting of the movies. In this essay Deaden argues that Newlyweds development began from the Traveling Theatre of the sass. The theatre, which operated chiefly by traveling from one location to the other presenting drama and dance, were mainly of Your stock and that the materials of this group and the importation of empty video cassettes provided the needed platform for Gobo businessmen to produce and market films. In other words, while the Your provided the content, the Gobo produced and distributed them as films. However, this chain of shared activities in its earliest form, according to Deaden, did not terminate at the content and production/distribution specializations of the two peoples of Nigeria, but that the Gobo, who had realized enough profits from the sales of Your contents, went a step further to produce their own films. Hence, Kenneth Nevuss Living In Bondage of 1 992 became not only a testament of the first Gobo film In Nigeria, but also steered the wheel for more Gobo film productions In Nigeria. Deaden reiterates that the production of Living In Bondage was a catalytic factor that reckoning as the second largest producer of films globally statuettes by the United Nations 6th May 2009 press release. Deaden argues that Hollywood, which presently horns fewer movies than its Nigerian counterpart had influenced the culture and technical dynamism of Newlywed movies. Another influence that was elaborated in this essay is the language influence. Deaden is of the opinion that English language dominates the movie production in Nigeria and that the trend should be reversed. Using the statistical findings of the Nigerian Film and Video Censors Board on languages used in movie production within 2007/2008 as data for analysis, he arrives at the conclusion that among the three major languages in Nigerian, Gobo suffers greatly from this western linguistic influence. According to this finding, Gobo was not used in movie production between 2007 and 2008. While films are produced in Hausa and Your languages, the language chosen by [Gobo] movie producers to express their worldview and showcase their culture was (sic) English (58). T is his belief that economic and social reasons should not override the crucial task of promoting indigenous languages. Deaden advises: Speakers of these languages should summon courage to propagate their culture and preserve their languages by producing films in their respective languages(61). Deaden also proffers the use of beetles as the means to bridge the gap between indigenous languages usage and the audience who are non-speaker s. The objective of this essay is very provocative. Its findings are capable of inflaming an Gobo film maker into creating more Gobo films. This is the stuff of scholarship. I personally appreciate this work for its focus. We have also started seeing memories produced in Gobo language since 2010, courtesy, perhaps to seminal projects like this. For instance, Alum Swam Koki, Scumbag the warrior, Aka Niche, NNW Basilisk, Karri, Coke Choice, Owe As gig, None Oz are a ewe examples of recent movies which are predominantly Gobo. There is, in fact, sufficient zealotry in the arena of Gobo film production that right now there is an intensifying talk about Softwood. While the idea of Softwood stands to reason, it is important to state that the import of works like Addends would not have had far- reaching impact in a multilingual speech community like Nigeria without a common language. English language plays that role. Outstation, however infinitesimal, should first be observed before the outright damnation of English language or its users. Like Deaden stated: Every writer or filmmaker wants to break the barrier of being restricted to his linguistic group and wants to reach a larger audience in order to promote his message . Until another language replaces it in importance, English language has a much weightier stake in the corporate existence of the Nigerian state as much as the indigenous languages, if not more. Its elevation as a national language presupposes an even broader functionality. Therefore a writer or film maker, whose is sensitive to the national ideals will be quick to embrace and promote an identified national culture and language . Here is where a patriotic stance is applied. In spite of the statistical findings, Deaden agrees that Gobo film makers do not only produce films in English, but also inject Gobo essence and worldview in them. Miss, films from Gobo socio-cultural milieu are produced in English but the films are replete with Gobo expressions. The opposite is applicable to Your movies (59), Deaden stated. It is for this method of language use that words like ago, gigs, 1010, whose works have been impact to the development of Nigerian English is Achebe. A Review of Chapter Nine: Mamba Heritage and China Achebes Bilingually Aesthetics by Austin Zoom Niagara. It is important to begin the examination of this beautiful piece by stating that the driving force behind the Gobo use of English in creative activities like film production and literary works shouldnt only be traced to pecuniary motivations, but also to a unifying linguistic impulse of their worldview. This claim is deduced from the connections established by Niagara between Mamba heritage and China Achebes bilingual aesthetics. Niagara believes that Mamba was influential to the kind of artistic originality and linguistic cohesion identified with China Achebe. Some of the elements of Achebes literary aesthetics can be said to have evolved from the artistic orchestration of the fundamental elements of Mamba as a metaphor through the creative Juxtaposition of the oratorical strategies of his Gobo cultural heritage and the tenets of the western education (125), he stated. Mamba is a religious, cultural and artistic celebration of the Rewire area of Gobo people of Eastern Nigeria. It was instrumental in evoking the grandeur of inclusiveness and artistic simplicity among its participants. These linguistic entailments, according to Niagara,made it possible for Achebe to cross cultural frontiers without giving away his own cultural and linguistic essence. This piece outlines aspects of Mamba philosophy which are manifest in Achebes works such as Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God and Anthills of the Savannah. The rendering of proverbs, idioms and native Gobo discourses in English in the works of Achebe have been identified as being nothing short of innovative and ingenious. His introduction of non-English linguistic items such as Gobo words, phraseology and terms has been viewed as a way of extending his cultural and imaginative worldview. It is important to state that the success of the literary and linguistic approach of China Achebe helped evolve a Nigerian linguistic and literary development. This developmental process which became known as domestication was a means of making English language less foreign, more viable and answerable to cultural adoption of Nigerian users. Quoting Ashcroft, Griffith and Tiffin, 1995 and Achebe, 1975, Niagara establishes that the linguistic mission of Achebe was not a way of using a foreign language to spread his message or of making fame or fortune from it, rather Achebe set out to discover a new engage, a hybrid consisting of imperial and indigenous languages. His art displays a process by which the language is made to bear the weight and texture of a different experience. In doing so it becomes another language (130). Consequently, through Achebes achievement it is possible to see a light in the development of a new language out of the imperial construct. It is possible to have an English that will not be foreign to the average Nigerian reader. It is possible to use the linguistic engagements of Achebe to develop an English repertoire that is sustained by the indigenous pragmatic and semiotic systems. Niagara identifies three different attitudes attached to the imperial language by writers. Quoting Azalea 1995, they are the rejections, neo-metropolitan and the evolutionists/experimenters. The rejections chose to write in their native language, the neo-metropolitan adopted, without modification, the imperial language, while the experimenter accepted the language only to transform it to suit indigenous use. Achebes contribution in experimentalist. This was made possible due to an Gobo linguistic worldview that is lively, expressive and utilitarian. A Review of Chapter Eleven: From Repression to Displacement: A Psychoanalytic Re-Examination of the Hero in China Achebes Things Fall Apart by Nora Benedict Neck This paper examines the concept of heroism in the Gobo worldview in China Achebes Things Fall Apart. It establishes a distinction between who a hero is in the western context and how the Gobo define heroism. It has been established that China Achebe wrote from a closed cosmological attachment with his root. In this essay, Newness focus is on the character of Awoken. He maintains that Achebes protagonist in Things Fall Apart, Awoken, may have passed a western notion of heroism, but failed to impress the rotational Gobo society and thus also failed to become their hero. Neck Justifies the character traits of Awoken in the eyes of the western tradition to include his nobility, an attribute Awoken attains by hard work and the zoo title; his problem with his father; his violation of cultural code, his exiled, his falling out of favor, his loneliness and his return from exile. All of these experiences are manifest in the character of Awoken. Neck, however, posits why Awoken is not a hero of Muffin in Things Fall Apart. In this analysis, Neck argues that Achebes Muffle is a literary legislations a typical Gobo society which priorities social harmony over physical or financial accomplishments. According to him, heroism and leadership qualities can be screwed in the same hole in Muffin. This entails that a leader-hero should be responsible for the maintenance of the political and social values and structure of his community. However, Neck argues that Awoken does not seem to understand the dynamics of this social structure and therefore seems to work alone towards a direction he wrongly thinks his people are headed (153) One of the failings in Ginkgos character is linguistic. Awoken lacks the power to use language as colorful as many other respected characters in the novel. Neck says, He fails to realize the dual nature of the linguistic structure of a people that places premium on language (156). Awoken lives in a society which sees oratory as a needed quality of a leader. Among the Bib the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten (154). His inability to communicate results in some of the rash actions he takes including the assaults on the opposite sex. Neck links oratory with intelligence and wisdom. In his conclusion, Neck avers that Awoken is a failed hero of Muffin. His failure which is directly linked to the subconscious repressions and displacement of childhood was manifest by his poor linguistic skill. To make this significant, Neck identifies characters like Kooky, Gouge, Beriberi whose oratorical skills inspire and command respect for them in Muffin. Inadvertently, Neck sought to reveal the Gobo social milieu and its linguistic manifestations. He showed that language is a serious matter in the Gobo land. He used Achebes protagonist to exemplify the end result of a character who believed bravery can be priced above oratory. Conclusion For over fifty years or so those who have denigrated English language do not only do so in English language, but have also shown Just how central the language is to a country like Nigeria. Does this suggest that we should, for this reason, abandon the local languages of our births? Of course, not! Nevertheless, if English was our definite answers to these questions. However, the aim of this review was to evaluate the various discussions of three chapters selected. And in doing so, we have been able to highlight some of the germane arguments that preoccupy the writers of these essays. We have seen how in his work Deaden brought the germane issue of language use in the Newlywed movies to the fore by arguing the use of Nigerian languages in the production of movies as a strategy to cushion the dominance of English language and promote indigenous language usage. We have also seen how Anagrams seminal essay revealed the background to Achebes artistic prowess and how Achebe was able to handle the issue of English language dominance and the desire to make the Gobo language relevant at the same time in his work. And in Newness chapter eleven we have learnt the linguistic importance of a hero in the Gobo oral view and its implications. It has been an interesting review and a voyage of discovery. And in ending this paper, I hope to be allowed to suggest that the cravings to inject our indigenous languages back to the system would not be met by deposing English language, but by working out a system of equal existence, what the Gobo adage calls the principle befogged beer go e beer.