Essay on Death and Love in The Merchant of Venice -- Merchant of Venic

Death and Love in The Merchant of Venice Everyone loves a martyr. Hes that guy who non only suffered but died for his cause, his passion, his love. Bassanio may not be the most worthy cause to die for, but in Act IV of Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, Antonio is resigned to do so. In his final words before Shylock is set to extract his pound of flesh, Antonio has aban through with(p)d efforts to prevent his punishment and assures Bassanio that the deed must be done for the benefit of all. Despite the grisly and morbid nature of the procedure, Antonio has many reasons to die under such circumstances. This is the only expression out. Antonio devotedly loves a man who cannot restitution the affections with the same intensity. Bassanios love which rightfully be capaciouss to Antonio is shared with Portia, the wife. And who is to compete with the love a man has for his wife? Antonio tells Bassanio, I am armd and well prepard, in speaking of his imminent death (IV.1.264). He has known that eventually someone would have to be removed from this triangle and he is ready to be the one. In dying he need not take part in conflicts for Bassanios affections. As the third wheel in a marriage, Antonio would be the source of strife for Portia, gathering as she would have to vie for her husbands love and eventually, the unhappiness of his marriage would cause Bassanio to resent Antonio. But dying ensures him the affections he wants without the pain and bitterness of rejection. While Antonio is able to see the advantages of martyrdom, he must convince Bassanio that as such a gracious and extraordinary friend, he is willing, even happy to die for him. Humility, is the natural and subtle way to impress, so Antonio speaks of how he is not... ...s reassuring to Bassanio, but he also uses it to reassure himself. He is doing this because the pain of watching Bassanio with another love is unbearable. His life is wholeheartedly offered in order to spare himself the torment o f observing the happy couple he will never be a part of. Death is but a small price to pay for eternal love and admiration Antonio has to gain from Bassanio. Antonio wins when he dies. He wins the battle against Portia for Bassanios love and he wins an escape from a long and lonely life of jealousy. The martyr is the most extreme illustration of devotion. He cannot be changed and is forever remembered for his selfless devotion. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. The Riverside Shakespeare. Eds. G. Blakemore Evans and J. J. M. Tobin. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. 228-317.

Analysis of two poems; Prayer Before Birth and Easter Monday Essay

Analysis of two poems Prayer Before Birth and Easter MondayIn this essay I will be analysing two poems. Both poems reflect uponthe theme of war. I will be analysing them through their meanings,forms and show how the poets use language to express their ideas andfeelings. I have dogged to look at the poems Prayer Before Birth byLouis MacNeice and Easter Monday by Eleanor Farjeon.Louis MacNeice was born in 1907, he died in 1963. His mother died whenhe was unripened and her death got to him deeply. He studied at Oxford andwas one of a group of poets here who became famous. He was intenselyaffected by the political events of the 1930s and overly by the SecondWorld War. This poem is about an unborn child praying that it shouldbe born into a good humanity. The only verse which provides images ofthis good world is verse number three and the images of goodness arlinked to nature water, grass, trees, sky and a white light to guidehim. All the other verses are filled with images of a world ofhostility, repression, distraction and many of them refer to thingsthat ...

Mind and Body Essay -- science

Mind and BodyMuch of the intellectual history of psychology has involved the attempt to come to grips with the problem of foreland and body and how they interact. While the philosophical distinction between estimate and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the influential work of Ren Descartes, (written around the 1630s) that we owe the first systematic aim of the mind/body relationship. When Descartes friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileos fate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the worlds first extended search on physiological psychology was published only well after its authors death. In this essay, he proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in solvent to external events. According to his proposal, external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends be displaced, the pattern of interfi brillar distance is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves. This is the reason he has been credited with the founding of the reflex theory. Descarte was the first to talk about mind/body interactions, and thus had a great influence in later psychologists and thinkers. He proposed that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Years later, the work of Nicolas Malebranche was probably the most influential provider of occasionalism. Occasionalism deals with the contradiction that if the nature of causality is such that causes and effects must meet a necessary connection and be of a similar type, then mind/body interactionism is unsound. He argued that both of Descartes substances, mind and body, are causally ineffective. His tactile sensation was that Gd is the one and only true cause. There is no influence of mind on body or of body on mind. In order to retain the notion of God as the one true cause wi thout sacrificing the idea of causality as operative in both the noetic and the physical spheres, Benedictus de Spinoza abandoned Descartes two-substance view in favor of what has come to be called double-aspect theory. Double-aspect theories are based on the notion that the mental and the physical are simply different aspects of one and the same substance. Nonetheless, he agreed with De... ...ssembled a theory of moral development. The theory is based on standards of moral judgement. According to Piaget these cognitive abilities develop only as the child progresses through developmental stages. Kohlbergs theory is too divided into stages. He proposed three major levels of moral reasoning, or development. According to Kohlberg, his three stages occur in that same order in all cultures. Development is closely related to socialization, because as we have discussed earlier, nurture, or the milieu plays a major role in the development of an individual. Socialization the perceptual pr ocess of shaping an individuals behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives to conform to those regardless as desirable in a particular society. Sexuality is closely related to socialization. Psychologists differ in their approaches towards development because the view it from distinct points of view. Piaget, for example, proposed a theory of the cognitive development of children, while Erikson proposed a theory based on the psychosocial development of individuals. Although Kohlberg based his theory on Piagets, his theory focused on moral reasoning.

The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Essay -- Kant Philosophical E

The Critical philosophical system of Immanuel Kant Criticism is Kants original achievement it identifies him as one of the greatest thinkers of mankind and as one of the close influential authors in contemporary philosophy. But it is important to understand what Kant means bycriticism, or critique. In a world(a) sense the term refers to a general cultivation of reason by way of the secure path of science (Bxxx). More particularly, its design is not negative, but positive, a fact that finds expression in the famous expression, I be in possession of therefore found it necessary to deny knowledge to make room for faith (Bxxx). Correspondingly, its negative use consists in not allowing ones self to venture with speculative reason beyond the limits of experience (Bxxiv). Thus, criticism removes the decisive hindrance that threatens to supplant or even destroy the absolutely necessary practical employment of pure reason..in which it pure reason inevitably goes beyond the limits of sen sibility (Bxxv). Accordingly, the critique guarantees a secure path for science by confining speculative reason and by giving practical reason the complete use of its rights rights that thus far had not been recognised. Place in the History of Ideas Kant, being confronted with the two extremes of rationalism and empiricism, set for himself the task of creating a synthesis of the two. As he saw it, rationalism operates in the sphere of innate ideas, with their analytical and therefore aprioristic ideas this necessity, however, is not based on experience and consequently does not apply to human beings itself. On the other hand empiricism starts completely from experience and thus (it seems) from reality, but it arrives only at a posteriori and therefore synthetic... ... conceal, as it must do for Kant. Again the formal objects of the souls faculties in Aquinas corresponds to Kants forms thus knowledge through categories is not restricted to that which is for Man but opens up to that which is in itself. Finally, the absoluteness of Kants moral imperative alike receives its foundation in being, and thus theory and practice are brought into harmony. Bibliography Balterson, D. The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Toronto, 1984 Jewson, M. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason Rome, 1986 Kant, I. Critique of Pure Reason N.K. Smith tr London, 1929 McConnor, T. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment London, 1989 Tonderson, P. Immanuel Kant The Critique of Of Pure Reason New York, 1987 Wallis, H. The Thought of Immanuel Kant New York, 1955 O Neill, P., SJ, Kant and Aquinas A Comparative Study, Rome, 1967

African American Culture Essays -- Papers

African American CultureCulture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people. It is relative to time, place, and particular(a) people. Learning about other people can help us to understand ourselves and to be better world citizens. One of the most common ways of studying culture is to focus on the differences within and among cultures. Although their specifics may take leave form one culture to another, sociologists refer to those elements or characteristics that can be found in every know society as pagan universals. For example, in all societies, funeral rites include expression of grief, disposing of the dead, and rituals that define the relations of the dead with the living. And on the most significant cultural universals is the incest taboo, a cultural norm prohibiting marriage or sexual relations between certain kin. Whether the underlying basis of human behavior is biological or purely learned, how we channel that behavior is an importa nt cyclorama of culture. From the time we are born, we are socialized to believe that our way of life is one that is good, civilized, and above reproach. Such ideals usually sets the tone for what sociologist would refer to as ethnocentrism, the side that ones own culture is superior to those of others. Though it exists from one degree or another in every society, it may also fare as the glue that holds a society together. In the event that ethnocentrism is taken out of context or has reached an offensive tone, it may be suppressed with cultural relativism, the belief that a culture must be understood on its own terms.From the African American perspective, culture encompasses all we know, all we feel, and all we arouse absorbed from our elder... ...unting the lives of people who struggled for African and African American freedom. People who celebrate Kwanzaa hope to strengthen the black community by adhering to the seven guiding principles, designated by the terms from the Swahili language umoja (unity), kujichagulia (self-determination), umija (collective work and responsibility), ujamaa (cooperative economics), nia (purpose), kuumba (creativity), and imani (faith).Although many African Americans share some culture similarities with those of the dominant culture, there are some aspects of their culture from the dominant origination of sub-Saharan West Africa in which they have retained. Culture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people. It is relative to time, place, and particular people and African American culture plays a significant role in the United States today.

African American Culture Essays -- Papers

African American CultureCulture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the uniform in all places or to all large number. It is relative to time, place, and particular people. Learning about other people can help us to understand ourselves and to be better world citizens. One of the most common ways of studying culture is to focus on the differences within and among cultures. Although their specifics may vary form unrivalled culture to another, sociologists refer to those elements or characteristics that can be found in every know society as cultural universals. For example, in all societies, funeral rites imply expression of grief, disposing of the dead, and rituals that define the traffic of the dead with the living. And on the most significant cultural universals is the incest taboo, a cultural norm prohibiting marriage or sexual relations between certain kin. Whether the underlying basis of human behavior is biological or purely learned, how we channel that behavior is an important aspect of culture. From the time we are born, we are socialized to believe that our way of life is one that is good, civilized, and above reproach. Such ideals usually sets the tone for what sociologist would refer to as ethnocentrism, the attitude that ones own culture is superior to those of others. Though it exists from one degree or another in every society, it may also serve as the paste that holds a society together. In the event that ethnocentrism is taken out of context or has reached an offensive tone, it may be suppressed with cultural relativism, the belief that a culture must be understood on its own terms.From the African American perspective, culture encompasses all we know, all we feel, and all we have absorbed from our elder... ...unting the lives of people who struggled for African and African American freedom. People who celebrate Kwanzaa hope to strengthen the black community by adhering to the seven guiding principles, designated by the terms f rom the Swahili nomenclature umoja (unity), kujichagulia (self-determination), umija (collective work and responsibility), ujamaa (cooperative economics), nia (purpose), kuumba (creativity), and imani (faith).Although many African Americans share some culture similarities with those of the dominant culture, there are some aspects of their culture from the dominant ancestry of sub-Saharan west Africa in which they have retained. Culture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people. It is relative to time, place, and particular people and African American culture plays a significant role in the United States today.

Chapter Syanade

Furthermore, following the Basic Education Curriculum, more or less sweetening, enrichment and upgrading of skills in Technology and Livelihood Education were made, wherein the students argon essential to undergo specialization using their basic academics in their chosen field like food trades, cosmetology, garments, agriculture, auto mechanics, radio chances, industrial electricity, civil technology, drafting, and computer technology. This enhancement paved the way of producing skilled graduates capable of employment, thitherby fulfilling the schools mission and vision. Jacob Z.Gonzales Memorial National High School had been using the traditional way of teaching their students. sometimes its hard for the students to gather information for their assignments beca mathematical function of the limited number of books. Its also hard for the teachers to catch the vigilance of the students because sometimes they are not interested in a topic or lesson. Today we all know that technology continues to flow all over the world, computers are now more efficient to use because with the use of this device we post lessen our work. With the use of Information System for recognition Subjects students can easily get information for their assignments.All students can easily understand some important or vocabulary words by the use of glossary which is also included in this system. This can also be used as the visual presentation of the teachers in teaching their students. The School of Jacob Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School has a unique equipments and facilities. They have here some computers and projectors which are provided in every room of the school. They also have their computer laboratory room thats why it is easy to use and install bundle or both system that leave behind be beneficial for the school. calculator Aided Instruction is very applicable in a material bodyroom setting specially in environmental Science. It covers the five major themes Human Popu lation, Sustainability and Carrying Capacity, Urban World, Global Perspective, and Science and Values. The subject is more interesting when it integrates Computer Aided Instruction. Videos, Graphics, Text, and Sounds will be added n this software for better teaching and learning. The integration of multimedia and fresh information would help the teacher in teaching the subject and would help in getting the attention of the students.This kind of technology would be sufficient for learning especially for those who wants to excel in the subject Environmental Science. Multimedia as a part of the proposed Computer Aided Instruction would not wholly help the users but also to experience the innovative technology. Computer Aided Instruction for Environmental Science can be a powerful tool in education especially to those who need a large amount of reading. Students nowadays need a diametric kind of approach in learning, instead of traditional classroom teaching. 1. Statement of the Probl em 12. 1 General Problem How to material body an Information System for Science subjects Gonzales Memorial National High School? In Jacob Z. 1. 2. 2 Specific Problems 1 . How to heading a System that will generate information approximately science? There is only limited number of books thats why the students find it difficult to search for their assignments. Also, the users could hardly find their needed information from the internet and library. 2. How to design a system that will help the teachers in providing a restoration for their teaching?Sometimes, the students are getting bored, listening to the lesson that their teacher is dissertateing in front of the class thats why the researchers choose to provide this system to make it easier for the teachers to discuss the lessons. The system can catch the attention of many students because once they open this program there is music, lots of animation and video presentations that can make the lessons more interesting. 3. How to de sign a system that will provide pictures and videos for presentation? Sometimes, it is hard for the teacher to discuss the lesson wherein there is need for a video presentation.The system will provide videos for the topic that is needed by the students and teachers. 1. Abject of the Study 1. 3. 1 General verifiable The main objective of this system is to develop an Information System for Science subjects for high school which will provide pictures, videos and meaning of unfamiliar words. The researchers also admit the use of Microsoft database to record the name and the score of the students who take the quiz in every science topic. The researchers also include here a login form which only the Science teachers can access to allow them to view the corded scores of their students.And also to know who among their students have taken the quiz. 1. 32 Specific Objectives 1. To design a system that will generate information. The system will provide a list of vocabulary words with its corr esponding meaning so that the student will easily understand it. The researchers have provided a glossary in every subject so that they can easily find the meaning of the unfamiliar words. 2. To design a system that will help the teachers in providing a presentation for their teaching. The teachers can easily use the system using a projector. 3. To design a system that will provide pictures and videos for presentation.

Life Course of a Mas Murderer Essay

On April 16, 2007 one of the most devastating mass murders in U.S history occurred at a Virginia college. Seung-Hui Cho a 23 year old South Korean alone executed the killing of 33 people by securing colleges doors to prevent bleed of any students. Events such as these are truly tragic and devastating to every involved. By gathering background information about Seung-Hui Cho, we can effectively examine social nurture theories as they relate to Cho and review my analysis that this particular occurrence was preventable.Born in South Korea, Seung-Hui Cho immigrated to America when he was 8 years old. Although Cho was a quiet well behave child he was awkwardly withdrawn and angry (cite book). Throughout school Cho was teased and bullied which could have been the cause of his average grades throughout school. Chos sister Sun-kyung was often in the school newspaper and was selected to take to heart the most elite Ivy League Universities (Schmalleger, 2009). Cho went on to visit Virgi nia tech where he was recognize once again for being extremely violent and was even removed from class. Cho was referred to multiple counselors and officials where he denied all thoughts of suicide and homicide. Although Cho denied these having these thoughts students that attend Virginia Tech could see the imminent risk rising with Cho.There are many social tuition theories that can be applied to Seung-Hui Cho but I feel that the Life Course Perspective accurately represents Cho most effectively. With the social development perspective, human development occurs on many levels simotaneously, including psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, social, and ecological (Schmalleger, 2009). Social development dheories focus on delinquencies over an extended period of time as well as transitions people go through within their brio span. As the Life course perspective suggests Cho exhibitedshowed a distinct pattern of anti-social behavior throughout his childhood and had never committed any crimes. Cho had a toughened childhood and was in the shadows of his very successful sister. Even in college Cho had no friends and began to look up to other school shooters as martyrs. Although these individuals were not his friends at all in his situation they were the closest thing to having friends. In college Cho was accused of stalking women on two different occasions, was caught taking photos of the legs of female students in class and was separated out of classes. I believe that Chos antisocial lifestyle along with the transition any from home eventually lead him to commit the mass murder. Chos anti-social lifestyle seemed to escalate to criminal behaviors from the time he went off to college until the time of the Virginia Tech shooting.I believe that this tragedy could have been prevented if the proper preventative measures and discourse techniques were taken. As a boy Cho should have been taken in for a mental evaluation but I believe the integrat ion of his family into the American companionship prevented that. In high school Cho being bullied and teased could have been put to a stop by teachers and surrounding students. Also when Cho started writing gruesome poems neat stories and plays he should have been recommended to a counselor. Any counselor that Cho had encounters with could have been a lot more persistent in getting to the bottom of Chos situations. A teacher college teacher doesnt just separate a student from her class. Finally the two females who Cho supposedly stalked could have reported Cho and pressed charges, preventing him from escalating in criminal nature.Seung-Hui Cho may have lived a particularly difficult life but with appropriate preventative and treatment measures the Virginia Tech shooting could have been prevented. angiotensin-converting enzyme way this could have been prevented is with the support of his family. Chos family should have played a larger role in providing guidance and discipline and instilling sound value in Cho. Also social institutions failed him. He was bullied in teased in schools and church which could have been the reason for him being anti-social throughout his lifespan (Seung-Hui, 2013). Finally individuals in Chos life should have intervened immediately and constructively when delinquent behaviorfirst occurred. After closely reviewing Chos background information and examining social development theories as they relate to Cho my analysis is that the Virginia Tech shooting was preventable.ReferencesSchmalleger, F. (2009). Criminology today An integrative introduction. (5th ed., pp. 297-341). Columbus, OH Pearson Prentice Hal. Retrieved from http//devry.vitalsource.com/ Seung-Hui Cho. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 0622, Jul 28, 2013, from http//www.biography.com/people/seung-hui-cho-235991.

American Retirement Corporation Essay

American Retirement Corporation (ARC) is an operator of senior subsisting comm building blockies. The attach to is a senior animation and wellness care services stomachr offering a broad range of care and services to seniors, including freelancer living, aided living, trained nursing and therapy services. The company operates around 65 senior living communities in 14 states, with an aggregate unit capacity of approximately 12,900 units and resident capacity of approximately 14,500.Across the unite States, the company owns 19 communities, leases 41 communities, and manages five communities pursuant to management agreements. The company operates in three distinct business segments retirement centers, free stand up assisted living communities (ALCs), and management services. The company operates large continuing care and retirement communities (CCRCs) and independent living communities (retirement centers) that provide an array of services, including independent living, assiste d living, Alzheimers and skilled nursing care.The companys retirement centers are the largest segment of the companys business and comprise around 27 of the 65 communities that the company operates, with unit capacity of approximately 8,100, representing approximately 63% of the total unit capacity of the companys communities. The companys free standing ALCs provide vary assisted living care to residents in a comfortable residential atmosphere.Most of the free standing ALs provide specialized care such as Alzheimers, memory enhancement and other dementia programs. These communities are designed to provide care in a home-like setting. At each of its free standing ALCs, the company provide personalized care plans for each resident, extensive activity programs, and adit to therapy or other services as needed. Jack C. Massey, Dr. Thomas F. Frist, elder , and a small group of prominent local businessmen founded American Retirement Corp. in February 1978.Historically, the company opera ted large CCRCs and independent living communities that provided an array of services, including independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing care in large, often campus style settings. The company formed American Retirement Communities in February 1995, through a combination of certain entities that owned, operated, or managed various senior living communities. American Retirement became a wholly owned subsidiary of American Retirement Communities in February 1997 (Datamonitor, December 2005).ARC began to develop and acquire a number of free-standing assisted living communities in 1999, most of which began operations during 1999 and 2000. In 2001, the company purchased assisted living residences in partnership with CNL Retirement, namely the Broadway Plaza at Pecan Park in Arlington, Texas and the Homewood Residence in Boca Raton, Florida. In Boca Raton, ARC could be availed through the Homewood Residence, a senior community designed to help those who need assistance wit h daily activities such as bathing, dressing and administering needed medication.According to the Homewood Residence Website, the service they provide is just like family, the extra assistance their clients may need with their daily activities, while helping them maintain the privacy, dignity and independence (Homewood Residence Website). Boca Raton, located in the laurel wreath brink County, has a healthy economy and wealthy retirees. Its primary growth is relying mainly on the tourism industry. treat brim Countys growth, on the other hand, is concentrated in biotechnology, electronics, and computer industries.The largest employers are in the public sector, federal and state government, public schools, and Florida Atlantic University. In Boca Raton, there is also an change magnitude number of older populace. Businesses must deal with the shifts in demands for goods and services brought on by the desires and necessarily of older consumers (Howell, 1997). The issues facing the d elivery of goods and services in general are magnified in the health care arena. Efforts to reach older consumers often are hampered by failure to understand the requirements and preferences of this population.According to the Boca Raton Comprehensive annual Report (September 2005), the Milken Institute Index listed the Boca Raton market as the fourth in the 2004 Best Performing Cities Index in the country for economic strength and furrow and wage growth. With a shortage of affordable housing, Boca Raton has introduced a workforce housing ordinance and is in the process of developing mixed use options as tools for providing special housing in areas previously reserved for non residential uses.The Report also proudly states that Boca Raton is the location of several Fortune 500 companies and nearly 3,000 businesses, employing over 38,000 commonwealth because of its low taxes, strong employment base, and quality of life, Boca Ratons business community is thriving (See remit 1). T able 1. Boca Ratons Top Employers Among the three counties in Florida, Palm border has experienced the greatest population growth in absolute numbers and in population density. It also has the oldest population. According to the 2000 US Census, Palm brim County has 1,131,184 residents (See Table 2).Residents of Palm Beach County also have a higher per-capita income than in the other two counties. Miami-Dade County is clearly the largest of the three, in geographic size and population. Palm Beach and Broward Counties have similar proportions of their population that are uninsured, approximately 15 percent, and Miami Dade has the highest at 25 percent (Jackson & Beatty, 2003, p. 7). In the issue of income, Boca Raton has a high income per capita. Table 3 provides the data of income distribution by age group and by ethnicity in the year 1999. Table 2. Palm Beach Demographics PALM BEACH COUNTY FL USPOPULATION spot design outcome Total population 1,131,184 Square miles (land) 1,974 . 11 Population per square mile 573. 01 296. 37 79. 56 GENDER Number share Pct Pct Male 546,739 48. 3 48. 8 49. 1 Female 584,445 51. 7 51. 2 50. 9 AGE Number Pct Pct Pct 15 or younger 201,715 17. 8 19. 0 21. 4 16-24 113,057 10. 0 12. 2 13. 9 25-44 305,041 27. 0 28. 6 30. 2 45-64 249,295 22. 0 22. 7 22. 0 65+ 262,076 23. 2 17. 6 12. 4 Number Number Number Average age (years) 42. 55 39. 53 36. 22 RACE AND ETHNICITY Number Pct Pct PctWhite 894,207 79. 1 78. 0 75. 1 Black or African American 156,055 13. 8 14. 6 12. 3 American Indian and Alaska native 2,466 0. 2 0. 3 0. 9 Asian 17,127 1. 5 1. 7 3. 6 Native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 692 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 few other race 33,709 3. 0 3. 0 5. 5 Two or more races 26,928 2. 4 2. 4 2. 4 Hispanic or Latino 140,675 12. 4 16. 8 12. 5 Sources U. S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census ePodunk Note Hispanic ethnicity is a separate data category from race. This number should non be added to race totals. Table 3. Incomes in 1999 Boca Raton, FloridaBOCA RATON FL US MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY AGE ($ IN 1999) Number Number Number Median domicile income 60,248 38,819 41,994 Householder under 25 24,080 22,861 22,679 Householder 25-34 49,871 39,021 41,414 Householder 35-44 73,110 46,291 50,654 Householder 45-54 82,033 50,347 56,300 Householder 55-64 71,315 42,971 47,447 Householder 65-74 52,321 32,398 31,368 Householder 75 and older 43,971 25,085 22,259 PER CAPITA INCOME BY RACE OR ETHNICITY ($) Number Number Number Per capita income 45,628 21,557 21,587 White 48,463 23,919 23,918Black or African American 16,275 12,585 14,437 Native American 31,123 16,598 12,893 Asian 22,469 20,429 21,823 Native Hawaiian and Pacific islander 13,569 15,251 15,054 Some other race 14,023 11,431 10,813 Two or more races 20,589 13,514 13,405 Hispanic or Latino 25,476 15,198 12,111 Sources U. S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census ePodunk Moreover, the wellness Care District of Palm Beach County provides a source of funding for low-income residents to gain access to health care coverage and maintains a comprehensive trauma system in Palm Beach County, Florida.Other services include rehabilitation/long-term care, nurses in public schools, behavioral health professionals in public schools, senior services and childrens health policy programs (HCDPBC Website). HCDs mission is to maximize the health and well being of Palm Beach County residents by addressing their health care needs and planning for the access and delivery of services. Health care has become one of the most vibrant sectors of the American economy, frequently a leader in economic growth, and the largest employer.Its research-based medicine pore on the use of pharmaceuticals, mechanical devices, and surgery, intervention strategies that reflect an earlier view of the body as a machine, paying relatively little attention to inherent processes of problem-solving that occur normally (Heirich, 1998, p. 343). According to Andersen, Rice and Kominski (2001), improving access to health c are can be greatly facilitated by a new extension of access models and indicators. These should stress the importance of contextual as well as individual characteristics to promote policies to improve access for defined populations.Also, these should focus on the point to which medical care contributes to peoples health. Access measures should be developed specifically for particular vulnerable population groups. These measures are especially valuable because of the cross-cutting needs of many of the vulnerable groups persons with HIV/AIDS, substance abusers, migrants, homeless people, people with disabilities, and those suffering from family violence. Improving equity, effectiveness, and efficiency should be the guiding norms for research on access. Among the most important areas for research are Promoting successful birth outcomesresearch on the relationships among medical risk factors, the content of prenatal care and birth outcomes Reducing the incidence of vaccine-preventab le childhood diseasesresearch on the relationships among race, barriers to access, and infectious disease Reducing the effects of chronic diseases and prolonging liferesearch concerning the differences in use of high-cost discretionary care according to gender, ethnicity, income, and insurance status and whether these differences represent overuse or underuse of these services. Reducing morbidity and pain through punctual and appropriate treatment research exploring methods to better define what constitutes timely and appropriate use of physician services References American Retirement Corp. (2005, November 5). Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Datamonitor Database at http//dbic. datamonitor. com/companies/company/? pid=BAC9B41D-2415-44CF-8228-1C8B736DCBA8 American Retirement Corporation Website. http//www. arclp. com/index. html Andersen, R. M. , Rice, T. H. , & Kominski, G. F. (2001). ever-changing the U. S. Health Care System.San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Boca Raton Income Overview. Re trieved May 5, 2006, from Epodunk Website at http//www. epodunk. com/cgi-bin/incomeOverview. php? locIndex=8367 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report of the City of Boca Raton, Florida. (2005, Spetember 30). Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Boca Raton Government Website at http//www. ci. boca-raton. fl. us/city/Council3. cfm Heirich, M. (1998). Rethinking Health Care Innovation and Change in America. Boulder, CO Westview Press. Homewood Residence Website. http//www. seniorhousingnet.com/seniors/search/brochure/pr_brochure. jhtml? pid=552999&name=hrbocaraton&trigger=shn&source=a1shzr2t070 Howell, W. C. (1997). Forward, perspectives, and prospectives. In A. D. Fisk & W. A. Rogers (Eds. ), Handbook of humans factors and the older adult (pp. 16). San Diego, CA Academic Press. Jackson, C. A. , & Beatty, A. (2003). Organization and Financing of Indigent Hospital Care in South Florida. Santa Monica, CA Rand. Palm Beach Population Overview. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Epodunk Website at http//w ww. epodunk. com/cgi-bin/popInfo. php? locIndex=8814

Cultural Diversity and Literacy Essay

The schoolchild body of academic institutions for higher coating is sightly more and more diverse in culture and social groups through the past generations (Koester & Lustig, 1991 Powell & Collier, 1990). Therefore, educators must bear in mind this diversity factor and condition teaching procedures accordingly. I am a Korean int prohibiting to effectively teach piano lessons to high school students. I should be subject to help my students evaluate the piano, play the piano excellently and devote them become highly literate in music.In a paper presented at the Central States Communication tie-in Convention in Oklahoma City in 1994, Goulden suggests that the primary goal of academicians and educators in facing cultural diversity should be to provide an opportunity for learning that is beneficial for students (1994 5). This primary goal is supported by more straightforward objectives. Goulden overly states that the students must be prepared for life after graduation (1994 5). Therefore, the end goal should be to help the students, however diverse their cultures are, to stand proud for his culture and for what he has learned. As a piano teacher, I think that off from teaching my students to simply play the piano, I must also impart on them the value of cultural pride, as well as the importance of intellect people on other cultures that will also be part of their audience in playing the piano. Even as music is considered a commonplace language, it will help my students to play with passion to be able to transcend cultural differences.It is my goal as a teacher to help them achieve that take aim of effectiveness. Of course, in effect, I intend to teach piano lessons to my students to help them achieve high literacy in music. Literacy is a much broader concept than most people think. bandage others believe that literacy is all about learning to allege and write, other academicians believe that literacy means deep understanding of subject matters, such as music. To contrast, literacy is what broadens a individuals world, while illiteracy shrinks it down (Needlman, 2001).I think a persons imagination has a lot to do with literacy. For example, if my students could learn to read the notes and play the piano effectively, I will be happy as a teacher. However, if my students will play the piano and experiment with musical notes on their own, then, I will be happier because it means that I am imparting high litereacy to my students. If my students can use their imagination and deepen their appreciation and interest in music, I will say they are highly literate in music.As a piano teacher, I think I need to know more than just my students level of skills. For instance, I need to know more than just the notes that they can or cannot read, or the music pieces that they can or cannot play. To be able to reach their mind and help them become imaginative, productive and highly literate in music, I must be able to overcome any accomplishabl e breastwork in reaching their mind. I think my students must have fun while learning with me. Culture can be a barrier to literacy, if there is no connection between teachers and students.For instance, some of my students might be intimidated by the fact that we Koreans, are highly interested in music, and it is an entire part of our lifestyle. I, as the teacher, should tell my students, that even if a certain culture appreciates music more than a certain other culture, it does not mean that the others cannot learn. In fact, on the contrary, we would be very happy to share our passion with the rest of the world. I think that as a teacher, I must understand my students, as well as their families and their communities so I can help them to reach a high level of literacy.Through understanding, I can better link up to my students and establish a connection with them so they will feel that they are a part of me, and I am a part of them, and we must preserve our cultural diversity be cause it is beautiful to see that we are different, and yet the same. We have different cultures, but we also have the same interest and the same goals. amid my students and me, our main similarities should be our interest in learning together, learning from each other, and learning about music.For me to have a better understanding of the underlying effects of the increased cultural diversity of my students, I should look into the manners in which students from diverse social and cultural units experience music. I think I should evolve myself and equip myself with knowledge about my students varied culture before I can become truly effective in reaching out to them, to make them excellent piano players. Culture is not a static phenomenon passed exactly as it is down from one generation to another in fact, culture is a dynamic, flexible, breathing environment to which every person makes a contribution.In this case, education, specifically music education must be about helping ever y student find his passion in music, and help him nourish that passion so he could be prepared to make his own contribution to his own culture (Shuler, 2001). If I could help a student with a culture different from mine develop a contribution to his own culture, then it will also be my achievement as a teacher. References Goulden, N. R. (1994). Curricular Changes, Communication Skills, and Cultural Diversity The Next Generation, 5. Koester, J. , & Lustig, M. (1991).Communication curricula in the Multicultural university. Communication Education, 40, 250-254. Needlman, R. (2001). What Is Literacy? Retrieved November 15, 2006 from http//www. drspock. com/article/0,1510,5133,00. hypertext markup language Powell, R. , & Collier, M. J. (1990). Public speaking instruction and cultural bias The future of the basic course. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(2), 240-250. Shuler, S. C. (2001). Music and education in the twenty-first century A retrospective, Arts Education Policy Review (Vol. 1 02, pp. 25) Heldref Publications.

Organization Evaluation

The system of rules that I will describe today is where I operate on, at Appla offices. Here we arrive a vertical twist that consists of the owner, general manager, iv managers, and all employees directly below them. The owner has complete control and say over everything that goes on in the restaurant. The general manager receives information on how to expire and operate from the owner and relay that information down to the four members of management directly below him. Their Jobs atomic number 18 to collect information from the general manager and use that to complete their tasks and engage the employees under them.Each member of management has their own crew that they run, create schedules for, and help when problems arise. There is the kitchen manager who runs the kitchen crew and oversees the kitchen employees schedules, the food prep, and cleaning. There is similarly the bar manager who creates bartender schedules and training, as well as liquor costs and control. The s taff manager creates schedules for the hosts and servers, controls the flow of the seating and dining experience, and ensures that the customers ar happy.Finally the fourth anger is the supporter manager who trick help out all managers with their duties and has basically the same responsibilities as the others still without a direct pool of employees. If melodic phrase overreachs poor he will be able to assist every area of the restaurant. This form of organization varies from a horizontal social structure because, although there are several managers on one level and all employees on one level, all employees report to a separate manager who resolves any issues, problems, or conflicts.There is no confusion as to who to report to and information is kept organized and accurate because there is only one person to report to. A horizontal structure in my company would have several managers for each section of the restaurant. There would be two or more kitchen managers, staff manag ers, bar managers and assistant managers. Although the assistant manager helps out with everything in the restaurant, there is still only one manager for each area of the restaurant.Another form of organization would be a operating(a) form of organization where the organizations are specialized and grouped according to business unctions and the skills they require production, marketing, benignant resources, research and development, finance, accounting, and so forth (Bateman & Snell, 2011). The company I realize for is similar to this form because all areas of the restaurant are separated into several areas where one person runs, maintains and regulates what goes on in that area.The only real downside of this type of organization is if it were in a very large company. Information and workloads may become too great for one person to handle. In this case, information can get lost and radioactivity can slow because of management becoming over worked. As the book states, this type of structure may be most arrogate in smaller business settings and if the business becomes fragmented it may have difficulty bringing new products to customers and responding quickly to customer needs (Bateman & Snell, 2011).I do not feel wish the marketing department has anything to do with how the companys organizational structure because it is a chain restaurant. Therefore marketing is done at another stead and does not interfere with how this branch is run. The name goes for the finance area, although they are pretty tight on the financial aspect so I feel like a vertical structure was chosen to rescue money. If they had a horizontal structure they would need to spend additional money on extra employees and or managers.Human resources is also an area I feel is not affecting how the structure of our branch is run. However operations do affect how the structure is set up. Our shifts and workload is directly affected by the business that comes in. If there is a lot of business we will all have plenty of shifts and be able to work enough to make accessory money. If business gets poor enough all employees will be cut and management will take over and do our Jobs. I always hear the managers talk about labor costs to sales and when sales are low people are asked to leave to save money.I think that by having a vertical structure the restaurant saves the most money because people and managers not only have one division of employees but are crossed trained in order to save money when needed. When looking at geographic, organizational, customer based, product, marketing channels, and personalization organizational design, these help determine which structure best suits the company I work for because we base the work we do (how much and for how long) entirely on sales and revenue that the company brings in.When you get into the human recourse and marketing area of the company the Jobs are stable and not reliant on sales. The organizational structure that we have is based off of customers. The larger part of the company would have maybe a horizontal structure when we get into marketing and there might be several managers controlling this cigaret because the demand for new food, advertisements, and ways to save money are a never-ending need which manner that many brains are needed and that they will recompense more people to work these Jobs which means the need creates the organizational structure of a horizontal structure.Because the actual restaurant is also customer based it means that based on sales, the structure is determined by the customer. If sales are high we can have more people on shift. If sales are low they have to ask people to leave and cut shifts so a vertical organization is ideal because each anger knows how to perform the employee tasks and can take over if necessary.Also by having a vertical organization the company is saving money on the restaurant level because they do not have to hire multiple people to do one Job. In the end the company I work for, on the restaurant level has adopted a vertical form of organization which I feel is the best option because it saves money by adapting to a customer needs based environment. One manager monitors and controls many employees.

Review Of Research Articles About Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

Below argon 10 research articles and surveies that address issue we do discussed in 2nd linguistic discourse skill for bookmans that are slope Language scholars. At the beginning of the class we discussed instructors prejudices and their inadequateness of appropriate preparation and pedagogics in learning ELL that can impact schoolchilds that are ELL. These abstracts validate that in that location is a job with prejudice. We have besides discussed the function of cultural and socioeconomics and how it affects the success of SLA. During this hunt, I noticed several articles turn toing unlike ways to turn to this issue.The running subject I have noticed is that there is no cosmopolitan and absolute attack to learning pupils who are ELL. There are many variables involved in each academic state of affairs. Students demands for larning 2nd linguistic conference are every bit single as each pupil. The attack for SLA depends on linguistic communication acquisition for the nativ e linguistic communication socioeconomics, cultural issues, and if there are linguistic communication holds in the native linguistic communication.Gunderson, A L..A ( 2008 ) . The State of the Art of Secondary ESL Teaching andLearning.A Journal of Adolescent & A mature Literacy, A 52 ( 3 ) , A 184-188.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children s Module. ( Document ID A 1601681651 ) .The 1968 Bilingual statement Act specified that pupils who come from environments where a linguistic communication other than English has had a important impact on their degree of English linguistic communication proficiency and who, by ground thereof, have fit trouble speech production, reading, composing, or understanding the English linguistic communication should be provided with multilingual plans ( Bilingual Education Act, 1968 ) . Students who were Spanish, Vietnamese, Tagalog, or Punjabi talkers had higher(prenominal) disappearing evaluate and lower classs in academic categories than C hinese talkers because there were differences in socioeconomic position and households abilities to scaffold their kids s learning when inculcate plans failed to make so. It seems that the same astonish finding and intent could be focused on detecting how scientific discipline, math, societal surveies, and English instructors can learn successfully in disciplinerooms that include increase Numberss of ESL pupils.As we have learned in some of our discussion stations, we need to turn to all facets of our pupils backgrounds when learning a SLA. Culture and socioeconomics is an of import portion of this. The fact that there is a dropout rate for pupils of different cultural backgrounds shows that pedagogues are non implementing cultural sensitiveness and consciousness as portion of their direction. There can non be a cooky cutter attack to learning linguistic communication to changing elaborations.Nykiel-Herbert, A B..A ( 2010 ) . IRAQI REFUGEE Students From a Collection of Alie ns to a Community of Learners.A Multicultural Education, A 17 ( 3 ) , A 2-14.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Multicultural Module. ( Document ID A 2176089481 ) .Systematic observations of kids of assorted cultural groups in their schoolrooms and communities ( Au, 1980 Delpit, 1996 Gibson, 1982 Philips, 1983 ) constantly demonstrate that kids perform better academically if the civilization of their schoolrooms, including outlooks of appropriate behaviour and instructional schemes, reflect the civilization of their places. The topics of the survey are 12 refugee kids from Iraq in classs 3 through 5 ( ages 8 through 11 ) in an Upstate New York urban school, in mainstream schoolrooms, pulled out for 50-60 proceedingss of ELL instructions. After 12 to 18 months at the school, many of the Iraqi pupils in center and higher classs were hardly at the emergent degree of literacy acquisition The research workers created a separate, self-contained schoolroom for the low-performing Iraqi p upils. The Edison narrative confirms what some earlier surveies of minority pupil groups have demonstrated, viz. that pupils public presentation in school is straight affected by the relationship between the cultural forms supported by the school and those adhered to by the pupilsThere were those that were opposed to the self-contained schoolroom for the Iraqi kids. They did non desire to make an ambiance of separate or segregated . This can be a valid point in some state of affairss. However, pupils had trouble with acclimatizing to their bleak milieus. When they were in their self-contained unit, issues that were impacting them specifically could be addressed while they were being contact by a group of equals that came from the same emotional and physical topographic point. They were comfy in a cultural scene that was familiar to them while larning their new linguistic communication and acclimating, with their equals, to their new location.DelliCarpini, A M..A ( 2010 ) . S uccess with ELLs.A English Journal, A 99 ( 4 ) , A 102-104.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research depository library Core. ( Document ID A 1972796791 )Form a collaborative, interdisciplinary squad that would be after and develop an incorporate course of guide that built accomplishments and met criterions for both academic topics and the Career Development and Occupational Studies criterions positive by the New York State Department of Education. Students who participated in the eight-week faculties engaged in a assortment of reliable authorship undertakings, acquired information on US markets, and canvas concern history in the United States, planetary markets, supply and demand, re conjugatione authorship, communicating accomplishments, and choosing a concern that will win in a tending(p) market and economic clime.The importance of turn toing post-secondary ends and accomplishments when learning a 2nd linguistic communication is an of import portion of SLA. As discussed in one of our faculties, motor plays a cardinal factor. Students are more invested in their acquisition when they see a existent life application that is of import to their personal ends.Rodriguez, A D. , A Ringler, A M. , A ONeal, A D. , A & A A Bunn, A K..A ( 2009 ) . English Language Learners Percepts of School Environment.A Journal of Research in Childhood Education, A 23 ( 4 ) , A 513-526.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID A 1807801991 ) .This survey investigated the perceptual experiences of 123 pupils ( 57 monolingual and 66 English linguistic communication scholars ELLs ) from a rural public simple school in North Carolina with regard to school clime, course of study and direction, extracurricular activities, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. With regard to teacher readying, Smith-Davis ( 2004 ) argued that instructors are non adequately prepared to assist ELLs make their maximal academic potency. The research workers visited the school 16 time s over a six-month period in order to ringlet up the information. During the interviews with the bilingual and monolingual pupils, the research workers followed a modified version of the questionnaire protocol titled Measuring success in ESL plans, which was originally authored by Carrasquillo and Rodriguez ( 1998 ) although the informations discover basically no differences in school clime, during the interview, several pupils reported that they were punished if they spoke in their native linguistic communication. After questioning a sum of 123 pupils in kindergarten through Grade 5, the chief determination of this survey is that the perceptual experiences of simple ELLs and monolingual scholars in a peculiar rural school in North Carolina were strikingly similar. the monolingual pupils in all classs besides have less self-esteem than the ELLs at all degrees, kindergarten through class 5.This is one school that evidently had a really strong ESOL plan in topographic point. Stude nts did non detect any differences in course of study or extracurricular activities. This shows that instructors were provide the same degree of challenge in all scenes. The survey would hold been more interesting if they used the questionnaires in three or four different schools with different socioeconomics and diverse backgrounds. North Carolina seems to be on the film editing border when it comes to east southeast plans. The universities seem to make more than research with RTI, ESE and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Brice, A A. , A Shaunessy, A E. , A Hughes, A C. , A McHatton, A P. , A & A A Ratliff, A M..A ( 2008, A October ) . WhatLanguage Discourse Tells Us somewhat Bilingual Adolescents A Study of Students in Gifted Programs and Students in General Education Programs.A Journal for the Education of the Gifted, A 32 ( 1 ) , A 7-33,139-141.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Education Module. ( Document ID A 1574104461The intent of this survey was to analyze pupil discourse betw een bilingual pupils in talented plans and bilingual pupils in the global instruction plans in an urban in-between school. This survey suggests a minor linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. The overall decision seems to channelize that bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involves many variables and that the relationships are non needfully direct. Participants were 16 pupils served in public in-between school ( grades 6-8 ) in one of the largest urban school territories in the southeasterly United States.In amount, the grounds from this survey suggests assorted support for the three research inquiries and a little linguistic communication advantage for the bilingual pupils in the talented plan. Bilingualism, linguistic communication abilities, and giftedness involve many variables ) . It appears that an apprehension of bilingualism and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition would be good for gifted and gener al instruction instructors.Some surveies seem to province the obvious. It would look that a talented pupil would hold an advantage in any regular or ESE scene. I agree that preparation for instructors who teach general instruction and talented plan should hold cognition of SLA. Students with disablements are in the chief watercourse schoolrooms much more than in the yesteryear. It is of import for ALL instructors to understand facets of SLA and ESE instruction.Meisel, A J..A ( 2007 ) . The weaker linguistic communication in early kid bilingualism Geting a number 1linguistic communication as a 2nd linguistic communication? A Applied Psycholinguistics, A 28 ( 3 ) , A 495.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID A 1289045851 ) .Past research demonstrates that first linguistic communication ( L1 ) -like competency in each linguistic communication can be attained in coincident acquisition of bilingualism by innocent exposure to the mark languages. The inquiry is whether this is besides true for the weaker linguistic communication ( WL ) . The WL hypothesis claims that the WL differs basically from monolingual L1 and balanced bilingual L1 and resembles 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) acquisition. In this article, these claims are put to a trial by analysing unusual buildings in WLs, perchance bespeaking acquisition failure, and by describing on analyses of the usage of Gallic by bilinguals whose dominant linguistic communication is German. The available grounds does non warrant the claim that WLs resemble L2. Alternatively, it shows that WL development can be delayed, but does non propose acquisition failure. Finally, decrease stimulation is improbable to do acquisition failure. The cardinal issue at interest is to research the bounds of the human linguistic communication devising capacity.I believe this addresses BICS and CALP. Reduced input is improbable to do acquisition. However increased end product is really built-in porti on of linguistic communication acquisition. If you do nt utilize it, you lose it. This besides reminds me of a survey in one of the treatment posts that discusses simplifying linguistic communication while pupils learn to cut down their frustration degree.Joko Kusmanto, A & A A Anni Holila Pulungan.A ( 2003 ) . The Acquisition of English Negation No andNot Evidences from an Indonesian Child in Non-Native Parents Bilingual Program.A K Ta, A 5 ( 1 ) , A 41.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Humanities Module. ( Document ID A 967696001 ) .Every kid is born with an unconditioned gift by which ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) acquisition is possible. This position emphasizes the function of cosmopolitan belongingss every kid is born with to get ( a ) linguistic communication ( s ) . This paper presents the acquisition of English negation no and not by an Indonesian kid brought up in Indonesian English Non-native Parents Bilingual Program ( NPBP ) . The analysis is directed t o uncover the form of no and not usage as the grounds that a kid still acquires a targeted linguistic communication despite the hapless targeted linguistic communication input s/he is exposed to. The consequence of the analysis shows that the acquisition of English negation no and not by an Indonesian kid in Indonesian English NPBP besides has a form which falls into syntactic, semantic, and matter-of-fact instances. To some extent, it supports Universal Grammar frame, but there are some which provide new penetrations on this issue.The ii pupils in are data analysis in faculty 5.2 both had negation issues. One had L1 that was Spanish and another had L1 that was Chinese. This kid is Indonesian. This seems to back up the research that a targeted linguistic communication can still be learned due to cosmopolitan grammar frame. The pupils understand the basic rule of negation. They may be non be puting no and non in the right order. However, they understand the basic rule regardles s of their native linguistic communication.Stanley I Greenspan.A ( 2001, A November ) . Working with the bilingual kid who has alinguistic communication delay.A pedant Early Childhood Today, A 16 ( 3 ) , A 28-30.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Children s Module. ( Document ID A 85642407 ) .Greenspan discusses what a instructor should make if she suspects that a bilingual preschool pupil has a linguistic communication hold. The first measure should be to find if the linguistic communication hold is merely in the 2nd linguistic communication, or if it is present in both linguistic communications. It s really of import for kids who have linguistic communication holds, but are otherwise synergistic, to be in scenes with other kids who are communicative. The beat of interaction is critical for linguistic communication development, so it s really of import for the kid to hold communicative and vocal equals. What we want is interaction, interaction, interactionI am used to working wit h pupils that are speech-language impaired. However, I neer think of this in footings of pupils who may be SLA. The instructor in the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Unit has a new pupil from Mexico who has no linguistic communication. She did non travel to school in Mexico. She knows no mark at all, no reading, etc in her native linguistic communication. As a adolescent, she is larning linguistic communication for the first clip. Students in my unit who are speech-language impaired have make important betterments in linguistic communication by patterning their equals and their instructor. Obviously, their linguistic communication would non hold the same betterments if they did non hold any interaction with persons ( instructor and/or equals ) that interacted with them on a day-to-day footing.Mary Ann Zehr.A ( 2010, A October ) . Boston Settles With Federal Officials in ELL InvestigationA District Agrees to Retest 7,000 Students English Skills.A Education Week, A 30 ( 7 ) , A 10.A Retrie ved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID A 2171700391 ) .Carol Johnson, the schools overseer in Boston, where 28 per centum of the territory s 56,000 pupils are ELLs, said in an interview that the system has been seeking for a twelvemonth to convey its schools into conformity with federal civil rights jurisprudence. The attempt has involved developing some 2,000 instructors in how to work with English-learners, retesting the English accomplishments of 7,000 pupils, and mapping programs to speed up the acquisition of ELLs who should hold received work before but did nt. A study last twelvemonth by the Mauricio Gaston Institute for Latino Community Development and cosmos Policy, at the University of Massachusetts Boston, found the territory was nt decently measuring and placing many pupils as ELLs. In May 2009, the territory hired Ms. De Los Reyes and tasked her with turn toing the deficiency of function to ELLs cited in the 2008 province reappraisal. She sai d the colony resulted from a strong coaction with the Justice and Education sections.I find this interesting that pupils were non being decently assessed as ELL. These pupils were taking their standardised trials I the mainstream and non in their native linguistic communication. Students were in the schoolroom. However, I m inquiring if some of these schools had ESOL plans or they were trusting on undisciplined instructors to turn to the educational demands of the pupils that were ELL. If instructors are non trained in ELL or ESE, they may non be cognizant of the regulations on standardised testing for pupils who were SLA. They should reexamine the deficiency of services and the deficiency of instruction for instructors to supply services to pupils that are ELL.Huang, A J. , A & A A Brown, A K..A ( 2009 ) . Cultural FACTORS AFFECTING CHINESE ESL STUDENTS ACADEMIC LEARNING.A Education, A 129 ( 4 ) , A 643-653.A Retrieved November 5, 2010, from Research Library Core. ( Document ID A 1800962381 ) .Confucianism meets Constructivism in North American universities and our schoolrooms are neglecting to run into the educational outlooks of Chinese pupils. Specifically, pupils from the People s Republic of China mentioned six countries where they feel uncomfortableness ( a ) They feel uncomfortable with the schoolroom behaviour of North American pupils. ( B ) They question the think of of a professorial focal point on treatment instead than talk. ( degree Celsius ) They query the professor s failure to follow the text edition. ( vitamin D ) They feel there is excessively much accent on group work. ( e ) They note a deficiency of talk sum-ups along with an evident deficiency of organisation. ( f ) They portion on common involvements ( e.g. athleticss, faith ) with their North American opposite numbers. This paper discusses the cultural factors that affect Chinese pupils academic acquisition at North American universities. It besides provides deductions for North Am erican professors.This is more interesting research on how civilization affects pupils positions towards linguistic communication acquisition. In one treatment station, the issue of motive and how the pupils positions of the people and civilization for SLA affects their motive to larn. The Chinese pupils did non understand certain cultural facets and behaviour of North American pupils. Hidden course of study is an of import facet to include when learning a new linguistic communication to non-native born pupils.

Leisure Time Essay

In the mid-1800s Americans turn uped to receive a administer of extra eon in their hand and had more date to do frolic activities. Businesses declining working hours was a major reason for the rise of leisure cartridge holder notwithstanding what as well as had a huge involve was installation of the electric lighting in the citys streets which made Americans amaze more time to perform activities at later hours (Lund). So what did Americans decide to do with this time? The recomm set asideation of physical commit as a way to relive of all the stress raised the importance of physical actives and to also attend spectator sports became patch of the leisure activities in the United States. vaudeville, dance halls, and motion pictures became touristed, while tender modes of travel allowed Americans to go visit the mountains, seaside resorts and county fairs (Lund).To begin with afterward the Civil contend, the popularity of sports as leisure activities grew as people began to see the importance of exercise to health. While initially only the wealthy could take part in most sporting unconstipatedts because the middle and lower classes couldnt afford most of the activities .The opening of popular available gymnasiums, courts, and fields allowed the middle class to participate in those activities as well (Lund). Athletic clubs such as the New York Athletic Club were organized and the YMCAs began to institute sports programs. These programs by and large focused on racetrack and field events, introduced by communities of European descent, and gymnastics, heavily influenced by German athletics. Gymnasiums, which overwhelmd exercises using Indian clubs, wooden rings, and dumbbells, were undetermined in many Eastern cities which helped expand exercise.Also With the extra time Americans gained American want out to find bracing slipway to keep themselves occupied and entertained. Americans began to seek out new ways to distract themselves so they start ed to experiment in making new activities to do. As a result of Americans quest for a new past time they invented Americas greatest past time today, base eggs. Different types of baseball have been played throughout time and before the 1800s but the rise of the sport didnt scrape until after the polished war (Bluett). While at war the soldiers had a lot of extra time in their hands the soldiers from New York introduced the game to their comrades from their camps and soon the game also spread to other camps over the northeast and south. It was said that because of this baseball expanded from the north to the south baseball was recognized more after the civil war ended.After all the soldiers from the camps were taught how to play, they went back home and introduced their sport to their families and friends which helped expand they name of the game (Bluett). In 1870 the starting line professional team were founded but didnt last for more than five years. In 1876 the first major pr ofessional league that was formed was the National league of baseball clubs which still exist today. some(a) other sport that was created by Americans in the 19th blow which they invented to perform as a leisure action was Basketball. The game was created from the mind of James Naismith in 1891, while he was an instructor at the School for Christian Workers, later called the International YMCA Training School, in Springfield, Massachusetts (McComb). The YMCA was an international organization that focused on the stem that physical as well as religious training was important for humans. Naismith had graduated from McGill University, and after go forth a Presbyterian seminary joined the YMCA school in Massachusetts.When he arrived the director of the YMCA name Luther asked Naismith if he could design an fire indoor sport for physical activity in a gymnasiums Americans can exercise while having fun in the winter when it was cold and couldnt be external (McComb). He thought that p eople were bored of just working out with weights and running around without a purpose. James considered the thought of throwing a ball into a thump, like the warm-up exercise he had used when he played rugby but only this time the box was ten feet up and had to dribble the ball (McComb). The game was a succeeder Americans all over the country were playing it and it even expanded internationally. In the 1880s women didnt really perform anysports but after they were introduced with basketball they were so fascinated that it became one of womens favourite(a) sport in the 1880s. Furthermore although men performed the majority of sports activities around the 19th century. Opportunities for women began to appear as the century ended. Some of the most popular sports for women in the 19 century were basketball and lawn tennis.Also by the end of the century schools began to offer even more sports activities for females, such as gymnastics and basketball. One of the most popular sports fo r women was basketball. Girls and womens basketball flourished in the early years of the game. Two days after the invention of basketball, some female teachers who had heard the shouts of players coming from the gym, asked Naismith to instruct them (Woolum). Naismith did so and the women became very stemma of the sport. In 1892 after the women new the game better the YMCA hosted the first tournament for women (Woolum). The game for women spread and they even got to play in college, in 1896 the first intercollegiate game was played in Berkeley between the University of California and Stanford. No male spectators were allowed at the Berkeley match because it was considered improper for male viewers to attend (Woolum). Also the other sport the women were very fund of was lawn tennis. Mary Ewing Outerbridge has been credited with introducing lawn tennis to the United States in 1874. When she went to Bermuda she watched as British Army officers were hitting a rubber ball with spoon-shap ed paddles strung with catgut across an outstretched net. Fascinated by the game, Outerbridge brought a box of the tennis equipment with her and returned to New York (Woolum). When she got home she introduced the game to her friends and family.The game rapidly got popular and became very popular not just with women but with men as well and rapidly spread throughout the Northeast as a favorite national pastime (Woolum). In addition Americans didnt just past their quantify with sports they also enjoyed other activities like attending vaudeville shows. Within cities, people attended vaudeville shows which would include many acts. The vaudeville shows were usually watched by the middle class, the shows often ran for many hours so the people could come and go whenever they wanted (Ushistory). In the Vaudeville shows the viewers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy (Lund). Vaudeville shows werent just for entertaining they al so talkedabout economic and ethnic situations. Other popular shows of the time included circuses and Wild West shows, one of the most famous plays was Buffalo Bill Codys by William F. Motion pictures also served as entertainment during leisure time for urban audiences.Initially the movies were originalities in picture tube viewers, until they became acts in their own right on the vaudeville stage. As motion pictures became longer, they moved into storefront jukebox theaters and then into even larger theaters (Lund). Finally another activity Americans did as for their leisure time was to go on vacations. Some people wished to go further afield on their vacations and leave the city straight off that they invented a new way to travel faster which was by trains (Ushistory). Many with limited budgets went to the countryside or the beaches which mostly included the lower and middle class. Towards the late nineteenth century resorts opened in the outskirts of cities, such as the beach ar ea of Asbury parkland in New Jersey which was founded in 1870 (Lund). Amusement parks opened in places like Coney Island in New York was founded in 1897.the Park offering rides, fun houses, and scenes from strange life, and the latest technological breakthroughs, such as motion pictures.National parks were created by the federal regimen to preserve nature and many began to tour these areas on vacation (Lund). One such example was Yellowstone Park where people camped or stayed at the hotels, the park was built there in the late 1880s. Worlds fairs and expositions held in different U.S. cities offered Americans a chance to tour the world in one place. The fairs celebrated development and featured exhibits of science and technology, foreign villages, shows, rides and vendors. The first major one was the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876 (Lund). tout ensemble in all Americans in the 19th century performed a large variety of activities for their leisure time. men performed many different physical activities especially when clubs like the YMCA was introduced which helped more Americans become more active, also American performed sports like baseball and basketball in their leisure time. In the late 19th century even women were starting to take place in the sports and other activates. Another major activity Americans did for leisure time was to go to vaudeville shows which had all sorts of acts from Shakespeare plays to comedy acts. Finally after traveling was easier Americans started to go on vacations outside the city and go to resorts and world fairs for their leisure time.Bibliography1. http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/awlhtml/awlleis.htmla. empty after the civil warb. Lund, Karen C. America at Work / America at Leisure, 1894-1915. America at Work / America at Leisure, 1894-1915. Memory.loc.gov, 01 June 2000. Web. 17 Dec. 2013.2. http//www.pacivilwartrails.com/stories/tales/baseball-and-the-civil-war a. Baseball and the civil warb. Bluett, Terry. Baseba ll and the Civil War. Welcome to the Pennsylvania Civil War Trails. Civil War Trails, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013.3. http//www.elibrary.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1& variate=&ts=FA9DBE62F456E22634A15DC6F7B76C44_1385528175587&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B171337845 a. The Great Spectator Sports of North Americab. McComb, David G. ELibrary Login. ELibrary Login. Proquest, 01 Dec. 1998. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.4. http//www.ushistory.org/us/39b.aspa. Leisure timeb. Ushistory.org. 39b. Sports and Leisure. Sports and Leisure ushistory.org. U.S. History Online Textbook, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.5. http//www.elibrary.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=3&edition=&ts=FA9DBE62F456E22634A15DC6F7B76C44_1385528175587&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B28013995 a. Women in Am erica sportsb. Woolum, Janet. ELibrary Login. ELibrary Login. Elibrary, 05 Aug. 1992.

Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Essay

Read and Apply Michael E. Porter (2008), The Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, (January 2008), pp. 2-17 denomination Questions (AQ)(a) Why has the soft drink diligence been so meshingable for squeeze producers? Comp atomic number 18 the economics of the concentrate business to the bottling business why is the lucrativeness so different? 50% pointsThe soft drink sedulousness has been extremely profitable for Concentrate producers. When we study the 5 casts analysis, we come to a conclusion that well-nigh both the forces imbibe contributed fundamentally in this commodious profit generating mechanism. Threat of unsanded entrants is low and there are ten-fold exalted barriers to entry. Despite the low cost of establishing a concentrate production plant, the producers turn out to develop scoopful relations with bottling plants and support them in grocery storeing research, advert and setting up distribution channels which is nasty f or advanced entrants and require huge capital infusion.Bar pulling power of Buyers used to be negligible as concentrate producers used to make bottlers abide by fixed price contracts which made them operate on razor thin margins. After adoption of incidence determine, the bottling plants renegotiated for different distribution channels and different product eye sockets as the dicker power deracinationed and the prices were incr liberalizationd constituted on consumer price index and inflation. But this bar stimulateing power was kept in check since concentrate producers did non allow a bottling plant to draw in prodigious commercialize influence and they regularly bought out bottling plants to maintain their control.(Exhibit 3b) Bargaining power of suppliers was minuscule since all products are basic commodities resembling sweetener, caffeine and color with multiple suppliers who do not hold some(prenominal) bargaining power with a large corporation.Threat of substitute p roduct is suppose to be amply since there are a variety of substitutes available which meet the end purpose of quenching the proclivity and consumer being open to healthy or low calorie substitutes a care tea, juice or heartiness drink. But the conventional concentrate producer has diversified its product portfolio to meet all demands and keep its consumer base loyal. overly strengthening distribution networks and creating advertisement campaign has led to consumer retention.(Exhibit 8) Competition is high since major brands competing are Coca cola and pepsi who manage at every level, from product range and bottling plants to retailer selection and advertisement. both(prenominal) concentrate producers are have deep pockets to execute swift decisions and they have adopted similar strategies to gain market share and consolidate.They have a staggering market presence controlling nearly 3/4th of the market and they have surgically acquired or contained all other competitors.(Exhi bit 2) By the 5 force analysis, it is visible that the immense market experience and availability of funds had led concentrate producers to use almost all the forces in their advantage to maintain high profitability.In contrast to the concentrate producer, the bottling plants operate on one-third of the profit margin percent, this gouge be explained by the contrasts in the economics using the 5 force analysis for bottling plants. Threat of new entrants was traditionally low since high capital requirement acts as as high barrier of entry but the threat from the concentrate producer entity emerging as a bottler is high ever since they have started vertical integrations by providing concentration at lower place for make better margins to self- possess entities.Bargaining power of buyers is high since bottling plants have no unique value proposition and they compete with identical competitors for a vastly segmented market. They conduct extensive negotiations with different channels o n stock, pricing and space. They develop complex price strategies for maintaining pocket contracts with nation wide restaurant chains. They have to bid for high presence among mass merchandisers and retail stores. They too have to provide low-margin fountains and vending machines services to sustain market presence. Threat of substitute is low among bottling plants since they have invested a huge capital on set-up, operational power and R&D.They have a established ground of operations which cannot be easily substituted and they enjoy massive support from concentrate producers in supplier contracts, marketing research and advertisements Bargaining power of suppliers is average where commodities like packaging material and saccharide can be obtained easily while concentrate producers control prices collectable to high dependency on them.But due to the reciprocity nature of dependency, concentrate producers extend advertising support, marketing surveys and strategic integration to loyal bottling plants to focus on volume and carry a wider range of products. The variation of business economics where bottling plants face price constraints, negotiations with every supplier at an individual level, cut-throat competition, high operating costs and an increasing threat of being acquired by the concentrate producer hits the profitability of the bottlers and gives a huge edge to the concentrate producers.(b) How would you characterize the nature of the competition between snowfall and Pepsi and how has it impacted the scratch of the US carbonated soft drinks (CSD) industry as a whole? 20% pointsCoca-cola had maintained high profitability acting as a monopoly since its inception since it did not face any competition. When Pepsi entered the market as a prominent player, it struggled to gather market traction but after the Blind taste test it became a real competitor. The nature of competition has been fierce ranging from better positioning at a single store, to pass ing game beyond international borders. Although both the companies have adopted similar strategies, the timing and focus has led to significant success and more than significant failures. Some major initiatives by Coca-Cola were developing infra social system in European countries and Asia which paid heavy returns.It was also a pioneer in introducing new flavors and brands(Exhibit 2) which sharply increased its market share and vertical integration by acquiring bottling plants for better margins(Exhibit 3a) which resulted in stellar financial performances. Pepsi on the other hand gained significant domestic US market when Coca-cola focussed internationally, it was first to get exclusive contracts with restaurant chains and introduce bigger family-size bottles. It also led diversification by transforming into a drinkable and food giant by acquiring Frito-Lay, Gatorade and Lipton. Pepsi Bottling Group optimized its operations and maintains a high % profit/ gross sales over CCE till date(Exhibit 3b).Both companies have also made big mistakes like Coca-cola introducing New reverse and Pepsi giving first-movers advantage to Coke in international markets. Also engaging in a tartness price wars saw their balance sheets in red(Exhibit 5). But they have also worked excellently in rectifying their mistakes like Coke diversifying by acquiring Minute-Maid and Vitamin water drinks. Since over half of Pepsis sales were domestic and Coke already had a lead in the International market, Pepsi focussed on markets still up-for-grabs like China, India, Africa and Middle-east. It has since gained significant market share in emerging economies after learning its lesson.Recently, both the companies have undergone significant media bashing with environmental concerns of the PET bottle, health and obesity uproars and sugary content in CSDs, so they have realized the shift in market focus to non-CSDs and diet soft drinks(Exhibit 7). New strategies include more focus on these drink s and both companies are looking to leverage their existing market domination to gain a better market shares and higher profits since margins on these drinks are much higher than CSDs.(c) Compare and contrast the structure and profitability of the emerging non-CSD industry with the key aspects of the traditional CSD industry structure that you covered in disassemble (a). Can Coke and Pepsi repeat their success they had with CSDs in the non-CSDs industry, or pass on a new militant landscape & dynamic emerge? 30% pointsIn late 1990s the soft-drink industry showed signs of permanent shift as the demand for carbonated soft drinks began to fizzle out(Exhibit 7) due to the rising health concern with obesity, high sugar content and perceived risks of high-fructose corn syrup. Diet sodas had already caught a lot of attention and they were quickly regenerate conventional sodas, Coke and Pepsi broadened their product range by offering more Diet and herbal drinks. Pepsi was more aggressive in this transformation by acquiring Gatorade and Lipton which outsold Coke products in these categories, Coke followed suit by acquiring EnergyBrands, its largest acquisition ever, but Pepsi maintained a commanding lead in non-carb segment.Both companies also launched bottled water which is the largest sector in non-CSD market by volume(Exhibit 9) The structure and profitability in an emerging non-CSD industry has dynamics very different from the conventional CSD industry which has been played out and matured. The stark contrasts that the structure of this industry lies in the fact that this market is very young and entry of new products changes its dynamics rapidly. The threat of new entrants in this market is very high as concentrate production does not require a lot of investment and innovative products attract a lot of clientele which have led to a stronger position among competitors like Nestle, Unilever and DPS.The bottling plants have strengthened their position in this secto r as they have not led Coke and Pepsi influence this market completely. They have been reluctant in introducing non-CSD products as they have no brand loyalty and their existing infrastructure does not support new products. Setting up new infrastructure and pressure from concentrate producers to increase non-CSD turnovers require higher operation costs and lesser profit margins. Concentrate producers are building better relationships with independent bottlers to push non-CSD and alternate drinks since they have much higher margins than CSD(Exhibit 10), concentrate producers are willing to assist bottling plants and they started selling finished goods to bottlers.They have also leveraged the company owned bottling plants by purchasing at lower prices and even marketing directly to retail chains to gain higher profit margin and gain market penetration It is most likely that Coke and Pepsi will repeat their success with this new industry like they did in CSDs for the first and foremost reason that these companies are financially very strong and they have the ability to acquire or contain an emerging competitor. Also they have invested and will continue to invest in understanding the market, so they have established a market trend analysis and they are prepared to tackle upcoming threats by taking the assign action.That is the reason that Coke and Pepsi are directly competing with every new product launched in this category and gaining popularity like tea, water or energy drinks. Early diversification in products has strengthened their brand equity which they can leverage in gaining further control in the non-CSD market. Another reason that these companies are likely to fall out is because of vertically integrated network that they have established from manufacturing concentrate to marketing to retailers, they have exclusive contracts with bottling plants and they have spent decades perfecting the distribution network.They can introduce new products in this chai n with much more ease and effect rather than new players developing an entire new network. Lastly, since the market in US is pitiful faster towards non-CSDs than the rest of the world, Coke and Pepsi have gained experience in tackling this change and then they can fall in it to the international markets and be the driving force in influencing emerging economies due to their vast strategic world(a) presence.

The Effect of MMR Vaccination to the Occurrence of Autism in Newborn Children

The MMR is a single shot vaccine which prevents the onset of deadly diseases that be everyday during childhood, such as measles, mumps, and rubella.The first shot of the vaccine is administered during the 12th to 15th month of an infant, and is followed by a booster shot during the 4th to 6th year. (Medline Plus) Several seek studies and wellness veneration professionals have cogitate the MMR Vaccine to autism, despite its inclusion in the standard immunizations for infants.This has raised the interest of other health care professionals and has conducted several studies in order to prove whether the link between MMR vaccines and autism exists. The research studies shall be discussed in the sideline statements.The online portal for Evidence-Based Nursing have published several research studies which have turn out that the occurrence or autism is not in any way connected to the said vaccine.The first research try was conducted by Wilson, Mills, Ross, et. al. based on epidemiolo gical evidences, that is a ponder that concent evaluates on the total population of those who received MMR vaccination, the rate of occurrence of autism with the increase in populations who receive the vaccine, the correlation between the time of vaccination to the occurrence of autism, and the family between certain types of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the vaccine. (Jack, 2004)For this particular review, several researches were used as sources, such as twelve researches studies from scholarly journals and articles. The study has revealed several evidences that prove on that point is no relation between MMR vaccines and autism.First, the bump of autism in children does not vary for vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. Second, the rate of occurrence of ASD is not influenced by the change magnitude rate of populations getting the vaccine. Third, diagnosis for ASD has not increased over time after the vaccination of MMR. Lastly, there is no connecter between the MMR vaccine and the occurrence of several types of ASD. (Jack, 2004)The second research study was funded by the Danish theme Research Foundation, study Vaccine Program Office & National Immunization Program, and National Alliance for Autism Research. It was conducted in Denmark with 537,303 children. Half of the total population studied for research purposes were males.Data were gathered from the Danish National Board of Health, wherein the researchers obtained significant information regarding the participants of the study. The breakdown of the total population of participants was such that 440,655 children were vaccinated, 316 children were diagnosed with autism, and 422 were diagnosed with ASD. However, further study proved that the children who were vaccinated with MMR were not at a higher risk of being diagnosed with autism. (Wright, 2003)The third research study was funded by the same institutions and researchers in the second research study however, the focus of the study was to determine whether the combining of threesome vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines, were connected with the diagnosis of autism.The participants included in the research study aforementioned were used in this particular research study. Additional information were obtained from the Danish Civil alteration System, Danish National Board of Health, Danish Medical Birth Registry, etc.The results of the study proved that there is no significant difference in the risk rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated children from being diagnosed with autism, and that the combination of the three vaccines in a single shot was not connected with the occurrence of autism. Both the studies conducted in Denmark whitethorn be considered accurate because of the accurate data recorded in the Danish system.Moreover, because the two studies were conducted on a large population, consisting of both vaccinated and unvaccinated children, the results of the study may be considered precise an d that parents should continue immunizing their children with the MMR vaccine. (Tidmarsh, 2003)These research studies suggest that people, especially members of the nursing practice, should be aware of this fact that there is no known connection between the MMR vaccine and the occurrence of autism. The news that came out about the links between the vaccine and autism caused inquiries, as well as fears, from families who have children vaccinated for MMR.Moreover, because of these issues, people would hesitate to let their children be immunized from measles, mumps, and rubella, difference their children at high risk from contracting these deadly diseases.Members of the nursing practice, as well as health care professionals, should be aware of the facts and figures which disprove previous claims about MMR and autism in order for them to become the stakeholders bona fide and trusty sources of information. This would encourage families to continue with the immunization process in order to protect their children from being undefendable with the dangers of these diseases.Moreover, the knowledge of these evidences presented should be used by health care professionals in order to publicize the abrogation of rumors about MMR and autism or ASD. In order to strengthen their claim, further research should be conducted including wider population ranges and protracted time frames for observations, so as to make sure there are no loopholes from which people may base their worries or fears. The important thing is that reliable health care professionals are able to straighten out the misinformed and advocate MMR vaccination.Stating the possible dangers of measles, mumps, and rubella, and missing the vaccination, would be instrumental in assuring the people that there are no links between MMR vaccinations and autism or ASD.ReferencesMedline Plus. (2008). MMR-Vaccine. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from National Library ofMedicine. Website http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/ article/002026.htmJack, S. (2004) Review Existing epidemiological Evidence Does Not Show an AssociationBetween Mumps, Measles, and Rubella vaccination and Autism. Evidence-Based Nursing. 2004 Jan 7(1) 25. Website http//www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=1646&accno=2004157790Tidmarsh, L. (2003). There is Little Evidence that Combined Vaccination against Measles,Mumps and Rubella is Associated with Autism. Evidence-Based Mental Health. 6(2) 62. Website http//www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=2296&accno=2003085837Wright, S. (2003). Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, Vaccine Was Not Associated With Autism inChildren. Evidence-Based Nursing. 6(3) 89. Website http//www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=1646&accno=2004050484

Historical Background of the 1987 Constitution Essay

The history of the 1987 system began on 11 April 1899, the date when the pact of Paris between the United and Spain of 10 December 1898 became onusive upon the exchange of instruments of check of both countries. that the sources of the 1987 fundamental fairness be (i) McKinleys Instructions to the Second Filipino Commission (ii) Spooner Amendment (iii) Philippine accounting of 1902 (iv) Jones law of nature of 1916, otherwise known as the Philippine Autonomy Act (v) 1935 genius (vi) 1973 geological plaster bandageation and (vi) Freedom Constitution of 1986 and its implementing influences.Treaty of Paris chthonian the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States. Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands, and with this, completely laws of a semipolitical nature were automatic tot bothyy abrogated.The Treaty provided that the courtly and political status of all inhabitants of the islands was to be determined by the US Con gress.The Philippines in turn, was not given the status of an incorporated territory (as to make it a candidate for statehood) and so ex proprio vigore, the US Constitution did not apply to the Philippines unless the US Congress expressly enacted its provisions.McKinleys Instructions president McKinley, legislating as Commander-in-Chief, issued on 7 April 1900 his garner of Instruction to the Second Philippine Commission under Taft. It set up a divided civil and military political relation with the existing Military governor as the Executive, and a Philippine Commission, fashiond on 1 September 1900, as the Legislative, both representing the US hot seat as Commander-in-Chief.It also extended to the Philippines all the regenerateeousnesss in the note of Rights of the US Federal Constitution, except the pay off to bear arms (because the country was in rebellion) and the right to a trial by jury (because the Americans distrusted the Filipinos capacity to be a just judge of hi s peers). The right to jury trial of an American charged with a crime in the Philippines was denied by the courts in US v Dorr, 2 Phil 332 (1903) by virtue of the Letter of Instruction.This was the first Organic Act (a law which establishes the organize and limitations of the presidency) of the Philippines. What it lacked, as a constitution, were the ratification by the people, and the right of amendment (which was reserved solely to the US death chair).The judiciary was afterward naturalized on 11 June 1901, with a sovereign lawcourt, Courts of First Instance, and Justice of Peace Courts.Spooner AmendmentOn 4 July 1901, the Spooner Amendment, which was actually a rider to the Army and Navy Appropriations Act, changed the therefore divided, military and civil government into a fully civil government, under the US Congress. All acts of the Philippine Commission would now begin Be it enacted by the authority of the US government, and no longer by authority of the US President. Philippine Bill of 1902The US Congress now in control of the Philippines, ratified all the innate acts of the President, in order to prevent disruption of government, and on 1 July 1900, passed the Philippine Bill of 1902, which was to be organic act of the Philippines from 1902 to 1906. The organic act introduced significant provisions to constitutional history.The Philippine Commission was the upper house. It was under the Governor-General who retained all the executive power, including the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus upon recommendation of the Philippine Commission.It established an elective frown house called the Philippine Assembly, composed entirely of Filipinos. It called for the first election in the Philippines to fill up, the membership in the lower house, as soon as the Philippine insurrection cubeped and there was a suss knocked out(p) of general peace, except in the Moro and Non-Christian provinces.A census was taken and completed on 28 exhibit 190 3 and with a certification of peace and of Filipino acceptance of the US government made by the Philippine Commission on 29 March 1907, the election for the Philippine Assembly was conducted on 10 July 1907, with Osmena as speaker.The Bill also defined for the first time who the citizens of the Philippines were. They were all the inhabitants of the Philippine islands who were subjects of Spain as of 11 April 1899, who go on to reside therein, and all the children born subsequent thereto. This definition is still good law today.Jones LawOn 29 August 1916, the US Congress passed the Jones Law, otherwise known as the Philippine Autonomy Act.It established a tripartite government with real separation of powers this was the prototype of our present set-up. The executive power was in the hands of an American Governor-General, who was independent of the Legislature, and who was given the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and impose soldierlike law without the recommendation of t he Legislature. The Legislature was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, all composed of Filipinos. The judiciary continued to be made up of the Supreme Court, the CFIs and Justice of Peace Courts.Under this set-up, while the Filipinos has all the legislative power, the Americans had all the executive power and thus, also the control of the government. Thus, in the Board of Control (National Coal Corporation) contingencys, the US Supreme Court ruled, despite the dissent of Holmes and Brandeis, that the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House could not vote the stocks of the NCC and elect its directors because this was a political function. Only the Governor-General could vote the government shares, said the court.The definition of who were citizens of the Philippines first enunciated in the Philippine Bill of 1902, was carried over by the Jones Law.Tydings-McDuffie LawAlthough this was not an organic act, it is important in the constitutional histo ry of the Philippines because it was to be the enabling statute, providing the mechanism whereby the constitution of an independent Philippines could be adopted. The law, upon its acceptance by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines, provided for (i) the calling of a Constitutional Convention to picture a Constitution for the Philippines, (ii) the adoption of a Constitution that established a republican government, with a Bill of Rights, and a separation of church and state, (iii) the submission of the draft to the US President for certification that the Constitution was in conformity with the conditions set by the Tydings-McDuffie Law, and (iv) its ratification by the people in a plebiscite. Complete independence was to take place ten (10) years after its effectivity.1935 ConstitutionAccordingly, on 30 July 1934, an election was held to choose the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Claro M. Recto was elected President of the Convention. On 8 February 1 935, the Concon approved the draft. On 23 March 1935, the draft was certified by the President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt as conforming to the Tydings-McDuffie Law. On 14 whitethorn 1935, it was ratified by the people in a plebiscite, with the provisions on the qualifications of the President, Vice-President and members of Congress taking effect upon ratification. In September 1935, the first election under the 1935 Constitution was conducted with Manuel Luis Quezon as President and Sergio Osmena as Vice- President.On 15 November 1935, upon the inauguration of the Commonwealth, the 1935 Constitution took effect. This Constitution was to serve as the charter of the Commonwealth, and upon withdrawal of US sovereignty, of the Republic.The Constitution provides for a tripartite government, with the executive lodged in the President who had a six-year term, the legislative in a unicameral National Assembly, and the judiciary in a Supreme Court, CFIs and Justice of Peace Courts as before. In 1940, it was amend to provide for (a) a bicameral Congress with a Senate and a House of Representatives (b) a term of quad years for the President, alone with re-election and (c) the establishment of an independent constitutional body known as the Commission on Elections.War ensued, and the Philippines was so devastated that the declaration of its independence, due 15 November 1945 had to be postponed. At any rate, on 23 April 1946, the election of the first officials of the Philippine Republic was held, and on 4 July 1946, the Republic was inaugurated and the Philippines became politically independent of the US.Theoretically, to an intent that sovereignty is never granted to a people but is earned by them as they keep up their political will, then it is a misnomer to say that 4 July 1946 was the day US granted independence to the Philippines. to a greater extent appropriately, it was the day when the US withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines, thus giving the Filipino people an occasion to avouch their own independence.But not economically. On 30 April 1946, one week after the election, the US Congress passed the Bell Trade Act which would grant Philippine prime exports entry to the US salvage of customs duties from 1946 to 1954, and a gradual increase in duties from 1954 to 1974 (Laurel-Langley agreement), provided that the Philippines would grant US citizens and corporations the same privileges, and in addition, the right to explore natural resources of the Philippines in parity with the Filipinos, and to operate public utilities. This must be certain by Congress, embodied in an Executive Agreement, and reflected as an amendment in the Constitution.The Senate approval of this bill gave rise to the fortune of Vera v Avelino, 77 Phil 192 (1946). The Senate then had 11 Nacionalistas and 13 Liberals. Three Nacionalista Senators-elect (Vera, Diokno and Romero), known to be against the Bell Trade Act, were prevented by the rest of the Senate, in what is known as exclusion proceedings, on objects that their elections were marred with fraud. The political motivating was clear but the SC was conned into lifting the injunction it issued for the with containing of the suspension, because of the unfulfilled promise that the Senate would not carry out the suspension. With the balance of power offset, the Bell Trade Act was passed. Subsequently, the SC had to dismiss the petition on the foothold that the principle of separation of powers, it could not order a co-equal branch to reinstate a member.The Senate authorized President Roxas to enter into an Executive Agreement, which he did on 3 July 1946, the eve of the declaration of Philippine Independence.Then came the amendment of the Constitution in order to include the Parity Rights Agreement, which gave rise to the case of Mabanag v Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1 (1947). Under the Amendatory Provisions of the 1935 Constitution, Congress, acting as constituent body, needed 3/4 vote to d rive an amendment to the Constitution. But with the three Senators still suspended, only the 21 remaining were used as the basis for deliberation the 3/4 requirement. When this was raise in court, it begged off from ruling on the found that it was a political question. It also used the Enrolled Bill Theory.So with the amendment proposed, it was subsequently ratified on 5 March 1947.The tierce time the Constitution was revise (1940, 1947) was in 1967. A Resolution of both houses provided for (a) the amendment of the Constitution by a Convention, (b) the increase of seats in the House of Representatives to make the Concon sufficiently representative, and (c) allowing members of the House as delegates without forfeiting their seats. The first was approved, the succor and third were rejected. This became the subject matter of Gonzales v COMELEC.Election of delegates to the Concon took place on 10 November 1970. Then the ConCon met on 1 June 1971. Before it finished its work, it ca me up with a resolution calling for an amendment to the 1935 Constitution reducing the balloting age from 21 to 18, so that a wider base could vote in the ratification of the Constitution then being drafted. A plebiscite was set by the COMELEC for 8 November 1971 but this was enjoined by the SC in the case of Tolentino v COMELEC, the court ruling that a piece-meal amendment was not allowed by the 1935 Constitution since it provided that the amendments were to be ratified at an election which meant only one election. The Court upheld its jurisdiction over the ConCon by arguing that since the Concon derived its power from the Constitution, it was thus limited by the Constitution.But it was subsequently overtaken by Martial Law. On 30 November 1972, the Convention submitted its draft to the President, who called on a plebiscite to ratify the Constitution. This was questioned in the case of Planas v COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 (1973) on the ground that there can be no freedom of expression un der Martial Law. But the case was rendered moot and academic when the President cancelled the plebiscite and instead held a citizens assembly on 10 to 15 January, 1973. On 17 January 1973, the President came up with a proclamation that the Constitution had come to full potency and effect after its overwhelming ratification by the people in a viva voce vote.1973 ConstitutionThe validity of the ratification process was questioned in the case of Javellana v Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973) but the failure of the SC to come up with the necessary votes to declare the act as unconstitutional agonistic it into the conclusion that there are no further obstacles to considering the constitution in force and effect.The 1973 Constitution was amended four times.The first, in 1976, gave the President, legislative powers even if the Interim Batasang Pambansa was already operating.The second, in 1980 was not significant. It merely raised the retirement of justices of the SC from 65 to 70 a s to keep Fernando for five more years.The third, in 1980 changed the form of government from Parliamentary to Presidential.The fourth, in 1984, responded to the succession problem by providing for a Vice-President.The start of the end of the Marcos years, of course, could be treated as early as 21 August 1983. But its immediate precursor was the break up Election which the President was forced to call and set on 7 February 1986 to respond to the clamor for democratic mandate.The validity of the Snap Election Law called by the Batasang Pambansa was raised in the case of Philippine run Association v COMELEC, 140 SCRA 455 (1985). The issue was raised because of the conditional letter of resignation sent by Mr. Marcos to the Batasan, making his resignation hard-hitting only upon (i) the holding of a Presidential election, (ii) the proclamation of a winner, (iii) the assurance into office by the winning candidate. It was contended that a conditional resignation was not allowed under the 1973 Constitution, for it did not create a vacancy, and without a vacancy, there was no reason to call for an election.But the SC failed to issue a preliminary injunction to enjoin the COMELEC from preparing for the election, thus making the initially legal question into a political one. In the meantime, the political parties have started campaigning and the people were so involved in the election that to stop it on legal grounds would frustrate their very will. And so, failing to come up with the majority to hold the Snap Election Law unconstitutional, the SC could not issue the injunction prayed for. The election went ahead.The rest is history. The results of the election were title by the Batasan, naming Marcos and Tolentino as the winners. But the February 2 to 25, 1986, EDSA revolution took place. On 25 February, Marcos was proclaimed in Malacanang by Makasiar, while Aquino was proclaimed in Club Filipino by Teehankee. Later that evening, Marcos fled to Hawaii.A. The Febr uary 1986 renewing and the resolution of probationary Constitution.Freedom ConstitutionWhat was the basis of the Aquino government? Did it assume power pursuant to the 1973 Constitution, or was it a revolutionary government?Proclamation No. 1, 25 February 1986 (Provisional government). But Proclamation No. 3 which announced the Provisional Constitution, seemed to suggest that it was a revolutionary government, since in one of its whereases it announced that the new government was installed, through a direct exercise of the power of the Filipino people assisted by units of the crude Armed Forces, referring to the EDSA revolution.The better view is the latter view. The Aquino government was not an offshoot of the 1973 Constitution for under that Constitution, a procedure was given for the election of the President proclamation by the Batasan and the candidate Batasan proclaimed was Marcos.Lawyers League v Aquino (GR Nos. 73748, 73972 & 73990, May 22, 1986). This view was affirme d in Lawyers League v Aquino where the legitimacy of the Aquino government is questioned on the ground that it was not established pursuant to the 1973 Constitution. The SC ruled that petitioners had no personality to sue and their petition states no cause of action.For the legitimacy of the Aquino government is not a justiciable matter. It belongs to the soil of politics where only the people of the Philippines are the judge. And the people have made the judgment they have accepted the government of President Aquino which is in effective control of the entire country so that it is not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government. Moreover, the community of nations has recognise the legitimacy of the present government. All the eleven members of this Court as reorganized, have sworn to uphold the fundamental law of the Republic under her government.The Aquino government was a result of a direct state action. It was not as if a small group revolted and suc ceeded in wresting power in the end. Rather, the entire state revolted and overthrew the government, so that right from the beginning, the installation was already lawful and the government was at all times de jure.In this regard, it must be noted that there is no such thing as a constitutional right of revolution. A revolution, from the point of view of a State, is perpetually lawful since a State can never go wrong it can change its government in whatever way the sovereign sees fit. But this right of revolution, inherent in sovereignty, cannot be recognized in a Constitution, for this would be self-destructive. The nature of a Constitution is to set-up a government and provide for an cracking way to change this government. A revolution contradicts this nature.Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986 (Provisional Constitution). At any rate, the Provisional Constitution or Freedom Constitution was adopted on 25 March 1986 through Proclamation No. 3. It abrogated the legislative provisi ons of the 1973 Constitution, modified the provisions regarding the executive department, and totally reorganized the government. (Its use of the 1973 Constitution, however, is not be to construed that it was a continuation thereof.) Then it provided for the calling of a Constitutional Commission, composed of 30 to 50 members appointed by the President within 60 days. (In our history, all major constitutions Malolos, 1935, 1971 were drafted by elected delegates.)The President appointed 48 Commissioners, who worked on the Constitution from 1 June to 15 October 1986. The draft was submitted to the people in a referendum on 2 February 1987. On 11 February 1987, the President, through Proclamation No. 58, announced its overwhelming ratification by the people and that, therefore, it had come into force and effect.In Re Saturnino Bermudez (145 SCRA 160)(1960). In the case of In Re Saturnino Bermudez , the SC held, quoting the previous case of Lawyers League v Aquino, thatThe legitimacy of the Aquino government is not a justiciable matter. It belongs to the realm of politics where only the people of the Philippines are the judge. And the people have made the judgment they have accepted the government of President Aquino which is in effective control of the entire country so that it is not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government. Moreover, the community of nations has recognized the legitimacy of the present government. All the eleven members of this Court as reorganized, have sworn to uphold the fundamental law of the Republic under her government.